Table 3.
Results of model fitting for the intergenerational association between maternal and paternal educational attainment and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), symptoms of depression, and academic problems, including 95% confidence intervals
| # | Model | Δ‐2LL | Δdf | ΔAIC | Shared genetic (A) | Shared environment (C) | mother (M) | Father (F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental educational attainment and child symptoms of ADHD | ||||||||
| 1 | ACMF | – | – | – | −0.61 (−0.92, −0.29) | −0.13 (−0.29, 0.03) | −0.46 (−0.62, −0.29) | −0.20 (−0.31, −0.09) |
| 2 | –CMF | 1.67 | 1 | −0.32 | 0 | −0.21 (−0.38, −0.05) | −0.71 (−0.81, −0.62) | −0.32 (−0.44, −0.20) |
| 3 | A–MF | 0.15 | 1 | −1.85 | −0.65 (−1.03, −0.26) | 0 | −0.41 (−0.59, −0.23) | −0.25 (−0.39, −0.10) |
| 4 | AC–– | 4.81 | 2 | 0.81 | −1.63 (−1.82, −1.45) | 0.03 (−0.18, 0.24) | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | A––– | 4.86 | 3 | −1.14 | −1.62 (−1.95, −1.29) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | –C–– | 44.67 | 3 | 38.67 | 0 | −0.94 (−1.07, −0.81) | 0 | 0 |
| 7 | ––MF | 2.11 | 2 | −1.89 | 0 | 0 | −0.65 (−0.78, −0.53) | −0.42 (−0.52, −0.32) |
| 8 | –––– | 371.51 | 4 | 363.51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Parental educational attainment and child symptoms of depression | ||||||||
| 1 | ACMF | – | – | – | −1.06 (−1.29, −0.83) | −0.06 (−0.27, 0.15) | −0.16 (−0.30, −0.02) | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.07) |
| 2 | –CMF | 5.26 | 1 | 3.26 | 0 | −0.19 (−0.30, −0.08) | −0.60 (−0.69, −0.51) | −0.28 (−0.38, −0.17) |
| 3 | A–MF | 0.04 | 1 | −1.96 | −1.08 (−1.44, −0.71) | 0 | −0.14 (−0.30, 0.02) | −0.07 (−0.27, 0.12) |
| 4 | AC–– | 0.57 | 2 | −3.43 | −1.39 (−1.60, −1.18) | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.23) | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | A––– | 0.58 | 3 | −5.42 | −1.39 (−1.60, −1.18) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | –C–– | 33.69 | 3 | 27.69 | 0 | −0.83 (−0.96, −0.70) | 0 | 0 |
| 7 | ––MF | 5.62 | 2 | −1.62 | 0 | 0 | −0.55 (−0.68, −0.42) | −0.36 (−0.46, −0.27) |
| 8 | –––– | 272.13 | 4 | 264.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Parental educational attainment and child academic problems | ||||||||
| 1 | ACMF | – | – | – | −0.59 (−0.87, −0.32) | −0.27 (−0.42, −0.11) | −0.53 (−0.64, −0.41) | −0.31 (−0.44, −0.18) |
| 2 | –CMF | 1.51 | 1 | −0.49 | 0 | −0.38 (−0.58, −0.18) | −0.78 (−0.87, −0.70) | −0.42 (−0.58, −0.26) |
| 3 | A–MF | 0.55 | 1 | −1.45 | −0.69 (−0.96, −0.42) | 0 | −0.41 (−0.56, −0.27) | −0.41 (−0.53, −0.29) |
| 4 | AC–– | 7.13 | 2 | 3.13 | −1.86 (−2.04, −1.69) | −0.18 (−0.39, 0.02) | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | A––– | 8.94 | 3 | 2.94 | −1.93 (−2.30, −1.56) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | –C–– | 58.47 | 3 | 52.47 | 0 | −1.67 (−1.93, −1.41) | 0 | 0 |
| 7 | ––MF | 2.70 | 2 | −1.30 | 0 | 0 | −0.67 (−0.79, −0.56) | −0.59 (−0.70, −0.49) |
| 8 | –––– | 525.18 | 4 | 517.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Best fitting models in bold. −2LL = −2 log likelihood; df = degrees of freedom; AIC = Akaike information criterion. A = effect of additive genetic factors for parental educational attainment on child outcomes; C = effect of shared environmental factors for parental educational attainment on child outcomes; M = effect of mother's educational attainment on child outcomes; F = effect of father's educational attainment and child outcomes. All outcomes are T‐scaled with a mean of 50 and standard deviation (SD) of 10.