Table 1.
Psychopathology at six and twelve months in patients surviving COVID-19 infection, divided according to sex and psychiatric history.
| Sex |
Psychiatric History |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole sample (n=216) | Male (n=150) | Female (n=66) | t, F or χ2 | q-value | Positive (n=47) | Negative (n=169) | t, F or χ2 | q-value | |
| Six months follow-up | |||||||||
| Male (n-%) | 150–69 | – | – | – | – | 25–53 | 125–74 | 7.48 | 0.007* |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 60.13 ± 12.21 | 60.15 ± 11.44 | 60.09 ± 13.9 | 0.03 | 0.972 | 58.36 ± 11.14 | 60.63 ± 12.48 | −1.13 | 0.262 |
| Depression score (ZSDS index, mean ± SD) | 42.09 ± 10.12 | 40.26 ± 9.6 | 46.27 ± 10.1 | −4.17 | <0.001* | 48.01 ± 9.91 | 40.45 ± 9.58 | 4.75 | <0.001* |
| Presence of depression (ZSDS index>50, Yes-%) | 55–25 | 30–20 | 25–38 | 7.72 | 0.006* | 21–45 | 34–20 | 11.69 | 0.001* |
| PTSD score (IES-R, mean ± SD) | 18.39 ± 18.7 | 15.43 ± 16.88 | 25.14 ± 20.91 | −3.61 | 0.001* | 29.09 ± 21.7 | 15.42 ± 16.66 | 4.64 | <0.001* |
| Presence of PTSD (IES-R>33, Yes-%) | 47-22% | 24–16 | 23–34 | 9.56 | 0.003* | 19–40 | 28–17 | 12.29 | 0.001* |
| Anxiety score (STAI state, mean ± SD) | 36.24 ± 11.13 | 34.56 ± 10.86 | 40.06 ± 10.87 | −3.43 | 0.002* | 43.06 ± 11.68 | 34.34 ± 10.23 | 5.01 | <0.001* |
| Presence of anxiety (STAI state>40, Yes-%) |
71–32 |
39–26 |
32–48 |
10.5 |
0.001* |
27–57 |
44–26 |
16.44 |
<0.001* |
| One year follow-up | |||||||||
|
Whole sample (n=192) |
Male (n=131) |
Female (n=61) |
t, F or χ2 |
q-value |
Positive (n=47) |
Negative (n=145) |
t, F or χ2 |
q-value |
|
| Male (n-%) | 131–68 | – | – | – | – | 22–47 | 110–76 | 13.41 | 0.001* |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 59.16 ± 12.65 | 60.60 ± 11.28 | 56.07 ± 14.82 | 2.34 | 0.023* | 55.00 ± 13.85 | 60.50 ± 11.98 | −2.63 | 0.010* |
| Depression score (ZSDS index, mean ± SD) | 45.79 ± 13.04 | 43.67 ± 12.28 | 50.33 ± 13.55 | −3.38 | 0.004* | 52.13 ± 13.33 | 43.73 ± 12.30 | 3.98 | <0.001* |
| Presence of depression (ZSDS index>50, Yes-%) | 59–31 | 33–25 | 26–43 | 5.94 | 0.019* | 24–51 | 35–24 | 12.09 | 0.001* |
| Fatigue score (FSS corrected, mean ± SD) | 3.40 ± 1.56 | 3.17 ± 1.42 | 3.88 ± 1.73 | −3.02 | 0.004* | 4.05 ± 1.62 | 3.18 ± 1.48 | 3.41 | 0.001* |
| Presence of fatigue (FSS corrected>4 Yes-%) | 63–33 | 37–28 | 26–43 | 3.9 | 0.048* | 23–49 | 40–28 | 7.34 | 0.008* |
| PTSD score (IES-R, mean ± SD) | 22.14 ± 19.89 | 18.28 ± 18.22 | 30.41 ± 20.94 | −4.09 | 0.001* | 30.04 ± 19.71 | 19.57 ± 19.33 | 3.21 | 0.002* |
| Presence of PTSD (IES-R>33, Yes-%) | 53–28 | 27–21 | 26–43 | 10.09 | 0.004* | 19–40 | 34–23 | 5.12 | 0.024* |
| Anxiety score (STAI state, mean ± SD) | 38.79 ± 12.09 | 36.98 ± 11.49 | 42.67 ± 12.52 | −3.11 | 0.004* | 45.53 ± 13.50 | 36.60 ± 10.77 | 4.63 | <0.001* |
| Presence of anxiety (STAI state>40, Yes-%) | 77–40 | 36–27 | 31–51 | 9.98 | 0.004* | 28–60 | 39–27 | 16.68 | <0.001* |
Note. Levels of significance of the observed differences (Student's t-test and Chi-square) is reported as q-value (FDR corrected p-value). Patients self-rated depression on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS), fatigue on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Post-Traumatic symptoms on the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R), anxiety on the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI). *q < 0.05.