Table 2.
Scores on three outcome variables and results analysis of variance by time.
| Baseline (T1) |
Mid-Survey (T2) |
Post-Survey (T3) |
1-Month Follow-Up Survey (T4) |
Cohen’s d (95% CI; LL–UL) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables (Range Potential) |
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | F | p | T2-T1 | T3-T1 | T4-T1 | |
| EssenCES | All * | 46 | 14.0 | 2.6 | 41 | 14.3 | 2.1 | 37 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 36 | 13.8 | 2.4 | 1.65 | 0.17 | 0.13 (−0.30–0.55) | 0.35 (−0.09–0.79) | −0.08 (−0.52–0.36) |
| (0–20) | Nurse | 22 | 13.5 | 3.0 | 25 | 14.2 | 2.1 | 17 | 15.1 | 2.5 | 19 | 14.3 | 2.0 | 1.32 | 0.28 | 0.27 (−0.32–0.86) | 0.57 (−0.10–1.24) | 0.31 (−0.33–0.95) |
| Medical doctors | 13 | 13.8 | 2.2 | 9 | 13.8 | 2.6 | 11 | 15.5 | 2.3 | 9 | 13.1 | 3.4 | 1.54 | 0.22 | 0.0 (−0.90–0.90) | 0.76 (−0.12–1.64) | −0.18 (−1.09–0.72) | |
| Others | 9 | 15.1 | 1.9 | 7 | 15.1 | 1.3 | 7 | 14.7 | 2.5 | 6 | 13.7 | 2.0 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.0 (−1.08–1.08) | −0.18 (−1.27–0.90) | −0.73 (−1.90–0.45) | |
| Civility | All * | 46 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 39 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 36 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 34 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 0.40 | 0.76 | 0.0 (−0.43–0.43) | 0.0 (−0.44–0.44) | −0.01 (−0.46–0.44) |
| (0–5) | Nurse | 22 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 25 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 17 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 19 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.0 (−0.59–0.59) | 0.0 (−0.65–0.65) | −0.06 (−0.69–0.58) |
| Medical doctors | 13 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 9 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 11 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 8 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 2.35 | 0.09 | 0.63 (−0.30–1.55) | 0.79 (−0.09–1.67) | −0.18 (−1.12–0.76) | |
| Others | 9 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 5 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 6 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 5 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 0.66 | 0.59 | −0.41 (−1.63–0.82) | −0.84 (−2.03–0.34) | −0.39 (−1.61–0.84) | |
| UWES | All * | 47 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 42 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 38 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 35 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1.11 | 0.44 | −0.10 (−0.52–0.32) | 0.09 (−0.34–0.53) | −0.25 (−0.69–0.2) |
| (0–5) | Nurse | 22 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 25 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 17 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 19 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 0.87 | 0.46 | 0.35 (−0.24–0.94) | 0.56 (−0.11–1.23) | 0.24 (−0.4–0.88) |
| Medical doctors | 13 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 9 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 11 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 9 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 0.68 | 0.57 | 0.21 (−0.70–1.12) | 0.17 (−0.68–1.03) | −0.37 (−1.28–0.54) | |
| Others | 10 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 8 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 8 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 6 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 0.60 | 0.62 | −0.71 (−1.75–0.32) | −0.34 (−1.35–0.60) | −0.48 (−1.6–0.64) | |
Note: one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means across T1 (baseline = August 2014), T2 (at the midpoint, three months after starting the program), T3 (post-program after the last session of the CREW program conducted six months after the baseline), and T4 (one-month follow-up after the end of the CREW program = March 2015). EssenCES: Essen climate evaluation schema—therapeutic hold (range actual: 7–20, 9–18, 10–20 and 7–20 at T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively), civility: The Japanese version CREW civility survey (range actual: 2.5–5.0, 3.0–5.0, 2.88–5.0 and 3.0–5.0, at T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively), UWES: Utrecht work engagement scale (range actual: 0.3–6.0, 0–5.2, 0.7–5.3 and 0–4.5 at T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. All *: data for the group of people who did not provide their job is also included in “All”. Others: psychiatric social workers, occupational therapists, clinical psychologists, pharmacists, cleaning staff, nursing assistants, and medical clerks.