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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cortex. 2021 Apr 22;140:199–209. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.027

Figure 1. Schematic representation of a single trial of the maze-navigation task.

Figure 1.

On each trial, participants (labeled as Player) navigated through a maze structure in first-person viewpoint. First, participants made an approach to the cue location, which triggered the floor color to change for 2 seconds, indicating the navigation condition on each trial. Second, given a particular color, the participant then engaged in one of four navigation conditions: (i) the active navigation condition requiring individuals to move using button pressing; (ii) the passive-navigation condition requiring individuals to watch navigation without pressing any buttons; (iii) the no-navigation condition requiring individuals to wait for a specified duration without pressing any buttons before being ‘teleported’ to the goal, and (iv) the effortful-navigation condition (included for the purposes of another study) requiring individuals to rapidly press buttons in order to move. The center image shows the top view of one of the four maze structures (i.e., single right turn; the others were single left turn, right-then-left turn, left-then-right turn). Participants never saw the maze structure from this top view perspective.