Table 1.
Baseline Cohort Characteristics Based on Ever Taking a PIM During Observation Period Overall and by Age Group
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 3,929) |
Age < 65 y |
Age 65–70 y |
Age > 70 y |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever (n = 2,200) |
Never (n = 589) |
Ever (n = 608) |
Never (n = 133) |
Ever (n = 343) |
Never (n = 56) |
||
|
| |||||||
| Demographics | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Age (y) | 57.7 ± 10.9 | 53.8 ± 8.9 | 50.3 ± 10.8 | 67.5 ± 1.7 | 67.4 ± 1.8 | 72.5 ± 1.1 | 72.5 ± 1.2 |
|
| |||||||
| Female sex | 1,775 (45.2%) | 1,041 (47.3%) | 220 (37.4%) | 285 (46.9%) | 61 (45.9%) | 1 40 (40.8%) | 28 (50.0%) |
|
| |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1,646 (41.9%) | 973 (44.2%) | 208 (35.3%) | 264 (43.4%) | 58 (43.6%) | 119 (34.7%) | 24 (42.9%) |
|
| |||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,635 (41.6%) | 889 (40.4%) | 234 (39.7%) | 263 (43.3%) | 42 (31.6%) | 181 (52.8%) | 26 (46.4%) |
|
| |||||||
| Hispanic | 495 (12.6%) | 253 (11.5%) | 116 (19.7%) | 60 (9.9%) | 26 (19.5%) | 36 (10.5%) | 4 (7.1%) |
|
| |||||||
| Other | 153 (3.9%) | 85 (3.9%) | 31 (5.3%) | 21 (3.5%) | 7 (5.3%) | 7 (2.0%) | 2 (3.6%) |
|
| |||||||
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 44.8 ± 16.8 | 474 ± 1 7.9 | 45.87 ± 1 7.5 | 39.9 ± 12.7 | 38.8 ± 11.3 | 38.5 ± 11.1 | 38.2 ± 11.8 |
|
| |||||||
| CKD at baseline | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| Stage 1–2 | 694 (177%) | 522 (23.7%) | 123 (20.9%) | 35 (5.8%) | 2 (1.5%) | 1 2 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0) |
|
| |||||||
| Stage 3a | 1,090 (27.7%) | 614 (27.9%) | 162 (27.5%) | 1 75 (28.8%) | 36 (27.1%) | 87 (25.4%) | 1 6 (28.6%) |
|
| |||||||
| Stage 3b | 1,338 (34.1%) | 653 (29.7%) | 182 (30.9%) | 252 (41.4%) | 66 (49.6%) | 161 (46.9%) | 24 (42.9%) |
|
| |||||||
| Stage 4–5 | 807 (20.5%) | 411 (18.7%) | 122 (20.7%) | 146 (24%) | 29 (21.8%) | 83 (24.2%) | 1 6 (28.6%) |
|
| |||||||
| UPCR, (mg/dL)/(mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 2.4 | 1.1 ± 2.6 | 1.30 ± 2.5 | 0.6 ± 1.5 | 0.9 ± 2.2 | 0.6 ± 1.6 | 0.5 ± 1.0 |
|
| |||||||
| BMI category | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| >30 kg/m2 | 2,174 (55.5%) | 1,305 (59.5%) | 268 (45.5%) | 351 (57.8%) | 62 (46.6%) | 1 68 (49.4%) | 20 (35.7%) |
|
| |||||||
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 1,121 (28.6%) | 553 (25.2%) | 194 (32.9%) | 174 (28.7%) | 50 (37.6%) | 126 (37.1 %) | 24 (42.9%) |
|
| |||||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 623 (15.9%) | 335 (15.3%) | 127 (21.6%) | 82 (13.5%) | 21 (15.8%) | 46 (13.5%) | 12 (21.4%) |
|
| |||||||
| Diabetes | 1,908 (48.6%) | 1,061 (48.2%) | 254 (43.1%) | 325 (53.5%) | 70 (52.6%) | 1 70 (49.6%) | 28 (50%) |
|
| |||||||
| CVD | 1,315 (33.5%) | 678 (30.8%) | 133 (22.6%) | 273 (44.9%) | 44 (33.1%) | 165 (48.1 %) | 22 (39.3%) |
|
| |||||||
| Hypertension | 3,390 (86.3%) | 1,861 (84.6%) | 477 (81 %) | 561 (92.3%) | 120 (90.2%) | 319 (93.0%) | 52 (92.9%) |
|
| |||||||
| Arthritis | 492 (13.2%) | 264 (12.6%) | 39 (6.8%) | 105 (18.5%) | 13 (10.4%) | 63 (19.6%) | 8 (16.3%) |
|
| |||||||
| No. of medications | 8.9 ± 4.5 | 9.2 ± 4.7 | 5.9 ± 3.2 | 10.2 ± 4.4 | 7.5 ± 3.1 | 10.3 ± 3.9 | 7.9 ± 3.7 |
|
| |||||||
| No. of PI Ms | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
|
| |||||||
| Nephrology care | 2,596 (66.1%) | 1,423 (64.7%) | 411 (69.8%) | 417 (68.6%) | 77 (57.9%) | 231 (67.3%) | 37 (66.1%) |
Data for continuous variables given as mean ± SD and for categorical variables as count (%). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease, eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PIMs, potentially inappropriate medications; UPCR, urinary protein-creatinine ratio.