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Photostimulation of VMN PACAP neurons inhibits VTA neurons in PACAP-Cre mice. A & B, eYFP ChR2 reporter signal in the VMN (4X & 40X). C & D, eYFP ChR2 reporter signal in the VTA (4X & 40X). E, DIC image (40X) of a recorded VTA neuron. F-I, Optogenetic stimulation of VMN PACAP neurons produces an outward current associated with an increased slope conductance and reversal of polarity at ~ −90 mV in the vast majority of VTA neurons (n = 15). Arrows indicate where I/Vs were conducted.
