Table 2.
Unadjusted associations between sample characteristics by anaemia (transient anaemia v. no anaemia); Samoan island of Upolu, June–August 2015
| Characteristics | Transient anaemia v. no anaemia (n 226) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| RR | 95 % CI | P value* | |
| Individual | |||
| Region | |||
| Rest of Upolu | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Apia urban area | 0·96 | 0·65, 1·42 | 0·830 |
| Northwest Upolu | 1·11 | 0·78, 1·57 | 0·560 |
| Age group (months) | |||
| Continuous variable | 0·80 | 0·67, 0·96 | 0·013 |
| 24–35 | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| 36–47 | 0·97 | 0·71, 1·33 | 0·857 |
| 48–59 | 0·53 | 0·34, 0·84 | 0·007 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Female | 0·90 | 0·66, 1·21 | 0·479 |
| First child | 0·94 | 0·66, 1·35 | 0·750 |
| Ever breast-fed | 0·71 | 0·53, 0·95 | 0·023 |
| Overweight/obesity | |||
| None | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Overweight | 0·97 | 0·62, 1·51 | 0·875 |
| Obese | 0·58 | 0·11, 3·17 | 0·525 |
| Stunting | 1·52 | 1·12, 2·07 | 0·008 |
| Illness in the past 3 weeks | 1·38 | 0·92, 2·07 | 0·120 |
| Infection symptoms† | 1·45 | 0·98, 2·16 | 0·062 |
| Deworming medication use in the past 3 weeks‡ | 1·10 | 0·76, 1·60 | 0·610 |
| Night-time sleep (h)‡ | 0·99 | 0·89, 1·10 | 0·841 |
| Given any vitamin or mineral drops in the past 3 weeks | 0·77 | 0·16, 3·86 | 0·755 |
| TEI-adjusted nutrient intake§ | |||
| Vitamin A intake (mg/d) | 1·00 | 1·00, 1·00 | 0·461 |
| Vitamin E intake (mg/d) | 0·96 | 0·90, 1·02 | 0·151 |
| Vitamin C intake (mg/d) | 1·00 | 1·00, 1·00 | 0·914 |
| Sodium intake (100 mg/d) | 0·96 | 0·94, 0·99 | 0·004 |
| Iron intake (10 mg/d) | 1·10 | 0·52, 2·31 | 0·804 |
| Calcium intake (100 mg/d)|| | 1·07 | 1·01, 1·12 | 0·012 |
| Potassium intake (mg/d) | 1·00 | 1·00, 1·00 | 0·772 |
| Maternal | |||
| Age (years) | |||
| Continuous variable | 0·98 | 0·97, 1·00 | 0·026 |
| 18–29 | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| 30–39 | 1·07 | 0·78, 1·47 | 0·668 |
| > =40 | 0·61 | 0·38, 0·96 | 0·033 |
| High school graduated | 0·87 | 0·64, 1·17 | 0·351 |
| Married or cohabitating | 0·82 | 0·59, 1·13 | 0·221 |
| Overweight/obese | 0·91 | 0·60, 1·40 | 0·681 |
| Anaemia | 1·32 | 0·97, 1·82 | 0·082 |
| Alcohol drink within the past 12 months | 0·90 | 0·62, 1·31 | 0·587 |
| Household | |||
| Annual income less than $ 10 000 tala‡ | 1·21 | 0·80, 1·82 | 0·365 |
| Asset score | |||
| Quartile 1 (mean = 1·3, sd = 0·8) | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Quartile 2 (mean = 3·5, sd = 0·5) | 1·03 | 0·71, 1·49 | 0·888 |
| Quartile 3 (mean = 5·9, sd = 0·8) | 1·26 | 0·91, 1·74 | 0·163 |
| Quartile 4 (mean = 10·2, sd = 2·7) | 1·03 | 0·71, 1·49 | 0·879 |
| Community spirit‡,¶ | |||
| Not strong | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Strong | 1·02 | 0·75, 1·37 | 0·910 |
| Type of household drinking water‡ | |||
| Pipe into the house | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Pipe on the house lot | 1·23 | 0·87, 1·75 | 0·238 |
| Public tap | 0·88 | 0·45, 1·72 | 0·702 |
| Rain water | 0·88 | 0·17, 4·46 | 0·874 |
| Type of household toilet‡ | |||
| Flush | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Pit | 0·93 | 0·43, 2·01 | 0·843 |
RR, relative risk; Ref., reference category; TEI, total energy intake.
Based on log-binomial regression models.
Infection symptoms included fever, rash, flu, cough and breathing problems.
Missing values for the labelled variables: deworming medication use in the past 3 weeks (n 2), night-time sleep (n 4), annual income less than $ 10 000 tala (n 1), community spirit (n 1), type of household drinking water (n 1), type of household toilet (n 1).
Boundaries of TEI-adjusted nutrient intake: vitamin A = 450 mg/d; vitamin E = 6 mg/d; vitamin C = 30 mg/d; sodium = 2000 mg/d; iron = 12·6 mg/d; calcium = 600 mg/d; potassium = 3510 mg/d.
Conducted with the modified Poisson regression model since the log-binomial model did not converge.
Due to the small sample size of the weak group, community spirit was classified as strong (Likert scale 3–4) and not strong (Likert scale 0–2).
Given any iron syrup in the past 3 weeks was deleted from unadjusted models because of the small sample size of children having this behaviour.