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. 2021 Nov 22;11:22638. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02157-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BF^GAD2+neuron activation does not affect exploration or object recognition and induces reward-like effects. (a) Design of novel object recognition test. (b) Discrimination index is measured as the time spent exploring the novel object—time spent exploring the familiar object divided by the total time exploring novel object and familiar object. ChR2, n = 12; eYFP, n = 17. (c) Total distance traveled during laser^ON epoch. ChR2, n = 12; eYFP, n = 17. (d) Design for test of real-time and conditioned place preference. (e) Heatmap of center body location, of ChR2 and eYFP sample animal. ChR2, n = 10; eYFP, n = 8. (f) Real-time place preference, measured on day 1 during photostimulation. Percent time in unpaired side, Mann–Whitney test, U = 12, *p < 0.05. Percent time in stimulation paired side, Mann–Whitney test, U = 10, **p < 0.01. ChR2, n = 10; eYFP, n = 8. (g) Conditioned place preference, measured on day 2 in the absence of photostimulation. ChR2, n = 10; eYFP, n = 8. Schematics (a,d) were created using BioRender.com and PowerPoint.