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. 2021 Nov 22;11:22638. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02157-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PAG projections mediate BF effects on consumption, reinforcement and predatory hunting. (a) Stereotaxic targeting of viral vectors and optogenetic stimulation. (b) Confocal image of viral expression and optic fiber placement in BF, 200 µm scale bar. (c) Percent time spent in food zone during optic stimulation paired with food. Mann–Whitney test, U = 14, *p < 0.05. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 10. (d) Food intake, ingested mass. Unpaired t-test, t₁₆ = 3.66. **p < 0.01. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 10. (e) Amount of wood removed due to gnawing during laser^ON vs laser^OFF epochs. ChR2, paired t-test, t₆ = 2.38. ChR2, n = 7; eYFP, n = 10. (f) Active lever presses during test of operant responding for food. ChR2, paired t-test, t₆ = 3.78, *p < 0.05. ChR2, n = 7; eYFP, n = 5. (g) CS-evoked freezing during laser^ON vs. laser^OFF CS trials, following the experimental design in Fig. 2d. ChR2, Wilcoxon signed rank test, W = − 36, **p < 0.01. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 7. (h) Real-time place preference, measured on day 1 during photostimulation. Percent time in unpaired side, unpaired t-test, t₁₂ = 6.03, ****p < 0.0001. Percent time in stimulation paired side, paired t-test, t₁₂ = 6.06, ****p < 0.0001. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 6. (i) Conditioned place preference, measured on day 2 in the absence of photostimulation. Percent time in unpaired side, paired t-test, t12 = 3.62, **p < 0.01. Percent time in stimulation paired side, paired t-test, t₁₂ = 3.62, **p < 0.01. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 6. (j) Percent time spent hunting in the live cricket assay. ChR2, n = 9; eYFP, n = 10. (k) Latency to attack in the live cricket assay. ChR2, paired t-test, t₈ = 2.82, *p < 0.05. ChR2, n = 9; eYFP, n = 10. (l) Percent time hunting in the artificial prey assay. ChR2, Wilcoxon signed rank test, W = 36, **p < 0.01. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 9. (m) Percent time hunting in the interactive artificial prey assay. ChR2, Wilcoxon signed rank test, W = 36, **p < 0.01. ChR2, n = 8; eYFP, n = 9. Schematic (a) was created using BioRender.com and PowerPoint.