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. 2021 Nov 22;11:22708. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02246-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Osteoclasts visibly degrade cartilage matrix. (a) H&E staining of OA knee, RA and GCTB tissue. Multi-nucleated osteoclasts (arrow) resorb subchondral bone () and invade mineralised () and unmineralised cartilage (). (b) Osteoclasts (arrow) differentiated on dentine with (left) H&E-stained transverse section showing visible subcellular resorption, (middle) SEM image of a 97.49 µm diameter osteoclast surrounded by resorption tracks, and (right) F-actin rings (red) around multi-nucleated (blue) osteoclast. (c) Osteoclasts (arrow) differentiated on acellular cartilage showing (left, bottom right) TRAP-stained transverse section through multi-nucleated osteoclasts with no visible subcellular resorption and (middle) CD51/61-positive osteoclasts with (top right) no evidence of F-actin ring formation. (d) Expression of classical osteoclast marker genes by osteoclasts differentiated on dentine or acellular cartilage. ACP5 = TRAP, CLCN7 = H + /Cl − transporter channel 7), CTSK = cathepsin K (n = 8; multiple Mann–Whitney). (e) SEM images of (left) acellular cartilage and (right) osteoclasts (arrow) on acellular cartilage showing visible degradation the surrounding cartilage matrix (*). All scale bars = 100 μm.

Inline graphic — Osteoclasts visibly degrade cartilage matrix. (a) H&E staining of OA knee, RA and GCTB tissue. Multi-nucleated osteoclasts (arrow) resorb subchondral bone () and invade mineralised () and unmineralised cartilage (). (b) Osteoclasts (arrow) differentiated on dentine with (left) H&E-stained transverse section showing visible subcellular resorption, (middle) SEM image of a 97.49 µm diameter osteoclast surrounded by resorption tracks, and (right) F-actin rings (red) around multi-nucleated (blue) osteoclast. (c) Osteoclasts (arrow) differentiated on acellular cartilage showing (left, bottom right) TRAP-stained transverse section through multi-nucleated osteoclasts with no visible subcellular resorption and (middle) CD51/61-positive osteoclasts with (top right) no evidence of F-actin ring formation. (d) Expression of classical osteoclast marker genes by osteoclasts differentiated on dentine or acellular cartilage. ACP5 = TRAP, CLCN7 = H + /Cl − transporter channel 7), CTSK = cathepsin K (n = 8; multiple Mann–Whitney). (e) SEM images of (left) acellular cartilage and (right) osteoclasts (arrow) on acellular cartilage showing visible degradation the surrounding cartilage matrix (*). All scale bars = 100 μm.