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. 2021 Nov 22;11:22657. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01654-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Illustration of experimental setup for the second preliminary step: non-cortical physiological measurements. A laser Doppler probe was attached to the forehead to assess skin blood flow. (b) Results of non-cortical physiological parameters at baseline (set at 100%), during 10 min of moderate-intensity running and 20 min rest. Time points with a significant change compared to baseline are identified with asterisks (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett correction). All physiological variables fully returned to baseline within 15 min. Thus, fNIRS measurement was started 15 min after running to eliminate possible signal contamination. ETCO₂ = End-tidal carbon dioxide; (c) Experimental design for control (CON) and running (RUN) sessions. CWST = color-word matching Stroop task, TDMS = Two-Dimensional Mood Scale, fNIRS = Functional near-infrared spectroscopy.