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. 2021 Jul 13;18(3):1692–1709. doi: 10.1007/s13311-021-01070-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Proposed model for the protective effects of p38 MAPK- and PKC-inhibition on induced α-syn aggregation. The PFF seeded α-syn aggregation paradigm, relies on the extracellular addition of seed material, capable of gaining cellular entry and recruiting endogenous α-syn thereby initiating intracellular aggregation. Upon inhibition of p38 MAPK and PKC by SB80, SB90, and GF, vesicular disruption is prevented. Extracellularly added α-syn may be either degraded or sequestered upon endocytosis, in both cases preventing induction of α-syn aggregation