Table 6.
Involvement of the proteins that we found share local homology with thyroperoxidase in autoimmune disorders, as resulting from a PubMed search.
| Protein | No. of articles | Citations | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fibrillin-1/Asprosin/Epididymis secretory sperm binding protein | 11 | Atanasova MA et al. 2011 [63] | Increased anti-fibrillin-1 IgM antibodies in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss may contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition |
| Admou B et al. 2009 [64] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies may be present in systemic sclerosis patients | ||
| Grassegger A et al. 2008 [65] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies seem to have important roles in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis | ||
| Zhou X et al. 2005 [66] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are specifically present in systemic sclerosis patients and may induce activation of normal dermal fibroblasts into a profibrotic phenotype, which resembles that of systemic sclerosis | ||
| Nicoloff G et al. 2005 [67] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies can be found in diabetic patients | ||
| Pandey JP et al. 2001 [68] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis patients are associated with specific KM and GM allotypes (genetic markers of immunoglobulin kappa and gamma chains, respectively) | ||
| Tan FK et al. 2000 [69] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis patients correlate with specific ethnic groups but not HLA alleles | ||
| Morse JH et al. 2000 [70] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are present in primary pulmonary hypertension, other than in systemic sclerosis, CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease. | ||
| Lundberg I et al. 2000 [71] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are present in CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease. | ||
| Arnett FC et al. 1999 [72] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are present in patients with linear scleroderma or morphea. | ||
| Tan FK et al. 1999 [73] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies may be found in patients with systemic sclerosis, CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome or mixed connective tissue disease. | ||
| Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP-4) | 12 | Inoue H et al. 2020 [74] | Case report of a patient affected by myasthenia gravis and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3, with autoantibodies to both acetylcholine receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 antibody |
| Park KH et al. 2018 [75] | Analysis of multiple autoantibodies (including those to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4) in patients with myasthenia gravis | ||
| Ohnari K et al. 2018 [76] | Report of a case of myasthenia gravis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 | ||
| Kruger JM et al. 2017 [77] | Report of a case of myasthenia gravis with autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4, but not to acetylcholine receptor nor to muscle-specific kinase | ||
| Ishikawa H et al. 2017 [78] | Report of two cases of myasthenia gravis and invasive thymoma, with autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 | ||
| Li Y et al. 2017 [79] | Identification of autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in Chinese patients with myasthenia gravis | ||
| Takahashi H et al. 2016 [80] | Report of two cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4, who showed myasthenic symptoms | ||
| Marino M et al. 2015 [81] | Analysis of the presence of autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in an Italian cohort of 101 myasthenic patients, 45 healthy blood donors and 40 patients with other neurological diseases | ||
| Zisimopoulou P et al. 2014 [82] | Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 were found in 18.7% of about 800 patients with myasthenia gravis from 10 countries | ||
| Zouvelou V et al. 2013 [83] | Report of two cases of myasthenia gravis with autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4, but not to acetylcholine receptor nor to muscle-specific kinase | ||
| Motomura M et al. 2012 [84] | Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 were found in 9/300 patients with generalized myasthenia gravis negative for anti- acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies | ||
| Higuchi O et al. 2011 [85] | First report of the presence and pathogenetic role of autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in patients with myasthenia gravis | ||
| Fibrillin-3 | 1 | Dolcino M et al. 2014 [86] | The peptide TNRRGRGSPGAL, recognized by nearly all sera of patients with psoriatic arthritis, shows amino acid sequence homology and cross-reacts with some skin autoantigens, including fibrillin-3. |
| fibrillin 1 variant, partial | 11 | Atanasova MA et al. 2011 [63] | Increased anti-fibrillin-1 IgM antibodies in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss may contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition |
| Admou B et al. 2009 [64] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies may be present in systemic sclerosis patients | ||
| Grassegger A et al. 2008 [65] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies seem to have important roles in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis | ||
| Zhou X et al. 2005 [66] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are specifically present in systemic sclerosis patients and may induce activation of normal dermal fibroblasts into a profibrotic phenotype, which resembles that of systemic sclerosis | ||
| Nicoloff G et al. 2005 [67] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies can be found in diabetic patients | ||
| Pandey JP et al. 2001 [68] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis patients are associated with specific KM and GM allotypes (genetic markers of immunoglobulin kappa and gamma chains, respectively) | ||
| Tan FK et al. 2000 [69] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis patients correlate with specific ethnic groups but not HLA alleles | ||
| Morse JH et al. 2000 [70] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are present in primary pulmonary hypertension, other than in systemic sclerosis, CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease. | ||
| Lundberg I et al. 2000 [71] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are present in CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease. | ||
| Arnett FC et al. 1999 [72] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies are present in patients with linear scleroderma or morphea. | ||
| Tan FK et al. 1999 [73] | Anti-fibrillin-1 autoantibodies may be found in patients with systemic sclerosis, CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome or mixed connective tissue disease. | ||
| Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP-2) | 5 | Larsen CP et al. 2018 [87] | Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 can be found in patients with ABBA disease, a kidney disease characterized by kidney antibrush border antibodies and renal failure. |
| Ooka S et al. 2003 [88] | Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (87%), systemic lupus erythematosus (40%), systemic sclerosis (35%), osteoarthritis (15%), Behçet's disease (3%) | ||
| Dinesh KP et al. 2019 [89] | Report of a case of anti-LRP2 nephropathy/anti-brush border antibody disease | ||
| Yu X et al. 2001 [90] | Detection of amino acid sequence homology and cross-reactivity between CD69 and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 | ||
| Illies F et al. 2004 [91] | Report of a patient with autoimmune thyroiditis and membranous nephropathy; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (megalin) is expressed on thyroid cells in a TSH-dependent manner and could be a link between the two diseases | ||
| P-selectin (CD62P)/Granule membrane protein 140/Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 3/Platelet activation dependent granule-external membrane protein | 2 | Jiang H et al. 1993 [92] | Autoantibodies to granule membrane protein 140 were found in 13/46 patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension |
| Zhang S et al. 1995 [93] | Autoantibodies to granule membrane protein 140 were found in 17/92 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura | ||
| Nidogen-1/Entactin | 9 | Fukatsu A et al. 1987 [52] | Rats injected with mercuric chloride develop autoantibodies to various components of the glomerular basement membrane, including emtactin |
| Saxena R et al. 1990 [53] | Entactin is a possible autoantigen of the glomerular basement membrane, which could be involved in some types of human autoimmune glomerulonephritis (non-Goodpasture) | ||
| Saxena R et al. 1991 [54] | Anti-entactin antibodies were found in extracapillary glomerulonephritis patients, although very few. | ||
| Saxena R et al. 1991 [55] | Circulating anti-entactin antibodies are present in specific types of glomerulonephritis, but not in others nor in healthy subjects. | ||
| Wang J et al. 1994 [56] | In the iris of rats with experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, there is an increase in immunoreactivity of several proteins, including entactin | ||
| Saxena R et al. 1994 [57] | Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus often have anti-entactin antibodies, which are more common in case of severe disease. | ||
| Saxena R et al. 1995 [58] | Two of 40 patients with pulmonary renal syndrome had anti-entactin autoantibodies | ||
| Li QZ et al. 2005 [59] | Autoantibodies to entactin are frequent in patients with lupus but not associated with disease activity | ||
| Cuadrado E et al. 2015 [60] | IgG antibodies to several autoantigens, including entactin, are present in patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, an autoimmune disorder with some similarities to systemic lupus erythematous which particularly targets the cerebral white matter. |
Of the 47 TPO homologous proteins, 40 do not appear in the Table, because we retrieved no literature about their involvement in autoimmune disorders. These proteins are: Peroxidasin homolog/Melanoma-associated antigen MG50/Vascular peroxidase 1, Peroxidasin-like protein, Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2/Cyclooxygenase-2, Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1/Cyclooxygenase-1, Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E2/EGF-like module receptor 2/CD312, Protocadherin Fat 4, Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 4 (LTBP4), Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (LTBP-1), Seizure related 6-like protein 2, CUB and sushi domain-containing protein 1, C-type lectin domain family 14 member A/Epidermal growth factor receptor 5 (EGFR-5), Multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains protein 6, Seizure 6-like protein/KIAA0927 protein, Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2/Cadherin family member 10/Flamingo homolog 3, EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2, Nephronectin/Preosteoblast EGF-like repeat protein with MAM domain/EGFL6-like, Complement component C1q receptor/CD93, Fibulin 5, Tolloid-like protein 1, EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1, Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain-containing protein 1, Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (LTBP1), KIAA1237 protein, partial, Vitamin K-dependent protein S, Protein HEG homolog 1, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B (LRP-1B), Fibulin-1, Fibulin 1, Protein kinase C-binding protein NELL2, NOTCH4 protein, complement receptor type 2, dual oxidase 2 precursor variant, partial, CSMD2 protein, Cysteine-rich with EGF-like Domains 2 (CRELD2) beta, Endosialin/CD248, Prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1/Alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor/Apolipoprotein E receptor/CD91, CUB and sushi domain-containing protein 3, Thrombospondin-3, Epidermal growth factor-like protein 6, Mutant p53 binding protein 1 variant, partial.