Table 2.

Overview of the 15 dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) participating in the comparison exercise regarding model type and mortality formulations

Name	DVM typea	Standard mortality (1a,b)	Alternative mortality (11, 12,…)
4C	P	1a) Intrinsic—Weibull (increase with age)	11a) Intrinsic—Weibull (increase with age)
		1b) Stress—foliage growth	11b) Stress—NPP
ForClim	S	1a) Background—const (based on max. age)	11) NFI‐derived, randNr
		1b) Stress—min. abs/min. rel. dInc	12) as 11) + bckgrnd
			13) Tree‐ring derived, randNr
			14) as 13) + bckgrnd
FORMIND	P	1a) Base mortality of 2% per yr	11a) Base mortality of 2% per yr
		1b) NPP < 0 = > immediate death	11b) NPP < 0 = > higher probability
FVS	E	1) SDI‐based (Reineke)	11) JABOWA min abs inc
GOTILWA+	P	1a) Carbon starvation	11) Yoda's law (empirical)
		1b) Reduction of sapwood functionality
PICUS	P	1a) Background—max. age	11) PROGNAUS empirical = ƒ(dbh, crown ratio, BAL)
		1b) Stress—min. abs/min. rel. dInc
SIBYLA	E	1a) Empirical = ƒ(dbh, i g , h, SI)	11) PROGNAUS empirical = ƒ(dbh, crown ratio, BAL)
		1b) Max. stand density (G max )
xComp	E	1) Empirical = ƒ(dbh, SDI, SI) based on Reineke's rule (using optimization)	11a) Empirical as 1), plus
			11b) ‘Height‐antagonistic function’ time‐variable SI: if top height > max. height (SI) => death
iLand	P	1a) Background—max. age	11a) Background—max. age
		1b) Stress—neg. C balance (no delay for enhanced probability)	11b) Stress—minimum abs. dInc (5 yr delay)
LandClim	I	1a) Background—max. age	11a) Background—max. age alone (NFI‐fitted)
		1b) Growth‐dependent—dInc	11b) Growth‐dependent—instantaneous (NFI‐fitted)
LANDIS‐II	E	1) Age‐related mortality (sigmoidal increase w/age)	11) Height‐related mortality
CARAIB	P	1a) Constant mortality rate	11a) Growth efficiency (à la LPJ)
		1b) Stress‐induced (low T, low soil moisture)	11b) Stress‐induced (low T, low soil moisture)
LPJ‐GUESS	P	1a) Various drivers	11a) Various drivers
		1b) Stress—growth efficiency	11b) Stress—growth efficiency
LPJmL	P	1a) Background—max. age	11a) Background—max. age
		1b) stress—growth efficiency	11b) Empirical, Pretzsch et al., fitted to standard mortality
ED(X)	P	1) Growth efficiency (as in LPJ)	11) Carbon starvation
			12) Hydraulic failure
			13) Phloem failure

Alternative formulations are numbered starting with 11, to distinguish them from standard formulations. Numbers with the denomination “a” and “b” refer to mortality formulations that are combined within a given DVM. Cells with italic font indicate empirically based mortality formulations that in some models are part of the standard setup, in others they are part of the alternative setup only. For more details on the individual models, cf. Appendix S1. NPP, net primary productivity; dInc, diameter increment; SDI, Stand Density Index; SI, Site Index; BAL, Basal Area of Larger trees; dbh, diameter at breast height; i _g, basal area increment; h, tree height; G _max, maximum stand basal area; NFI, National Forest Inventory.

^aE is empirical (based on relationships derived, e.g., from forest inventory data); S is standard (similar to JABOWA, Botkin et al. 1972); P is physiological (based on physiological considerations such as photosynthesis, respiration, mechanistic allocation of carbon to plant organs, etc.).