Fig. 5.

Anti-inflammatory activity of P. insularum homogenate on activated murine immune cells. Cytokine production by unstimulated splenocytes (baseline responses), ConA-stimulated splenocytes (T cell activation; 72 h) and LPS-stimulated splenocytes (B cell activation; 72 h) in the presence of P. insularum homogenate, the bioactive component rutin, the iron chelator BPS, and the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Shown are the mean and SE from three independent biological replicates; each independent replicate performed with splenocytes pooled from three animals. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001; repeated-measure two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test compared to vehicle treatment.