Table 6.
VR intervention outcomes vs control group outcomes
| Measure | Control groups from other studies | VR intervention | |||
| Study characteristics | Baseline | 12 Weeks | Baseline | 12 Weeks | |
| Structural volume (cm3) | |||||
| Total grey matter | McCauley et al.c | 548.1±46.2 | 548.2±49.3 | 633.0±32.7 | 637.6±25.6 |
| Cortical thickness (mm3) | n = 20 | ||||
| Superior parietal lobule | Age: 69±5.8 | 4.16±0.24 | 4.17±0.27 | 4.57±0.27 | 4.59±0.27 |
| Middle frontal gyrus | Sex: 70% F | 9.22±0.32 | 9.16±0.36 | 9.71±0.42 | 9.78±0.46 |
| CSF flush peak (mm3/s) | Length: 12 weeks | 1972±572 | 2194±776 | ||
| CBF flow pulsatility indexa | Activity: None | 0.99±0.23 | 1.01±0.25 | 1.24±0.41 | 1.11±0.38 |
| Y-Balanceb | 396.4±38.7 | 407.7±37.3 | 363.9±88.0 | 386.1±66.5 | |
| MST - Lure discrimination index | Kovacevic et al.252 | ||||
| n = 23 | |||||
| Age: 72±6.6 | 0.12±0.12 | 0.17±0.17 | 0.19±0.24 | 0.32±0.18 | |
| Sex: 65% F | |||||
| Length: 12 weeks | |||||
| Activity: Stretching | |||||
| TMT - Part B | Juliano et al.253 | ||||
| n = 20 | |||||
| Age: 67±11.7 | 78.1±29.0 | 79.6±35.2 | 80.0±42.0 | 68.5±42.0 | |
| Sex: 60% F | |||||
| Length: 12 weeks | |||||
| Activity: None | |||||
| TMT - Part B - A | Nishiguchi et al.254 | ||||
| n = 24 | |||||
| Age: 74±5.6 | 37.9±20.7 | 41.5±30.7 | 49.5±30.0 | 39.0±38.0 | |
| Sex: 46% F | |||||
| Length: 12 weeks | |||||
| Activity: None | |||||
| Flanker - Interference controlb | Gothe et al.255 | ||||
| n = 57 | |||||
| Age: 62±5.6 | 186.7 | 179.1 | 127.0±47.8 | 83.2±36.8 | |
| Sex: 75% F | |||||
| Length: 8 weeks | |||||
| Activity: Stretching | |||||
aPulsatility calculations for the control group and intervention were based on two different MRI acquisition sequences. The control group measurements were acquired using an in-house vascular compliance sequence, while the intervention measurements were acquired using a PC-MRI sequence. bInterference control values for the control group were calculated as the difference in mean incongruent (Incon) and congruent (Con) reaction times at baseline and 8- weeks based on the following reported values in the study: baseline (Incon: 790.6±137.3, Con: 603.9±81.3). 8-weeks (Incon: 770.4±182.2, Con: 591.3±86.4). cControl group values are shown for a 12-week control period between baseline and the start of a periodized aerobic exercise intervention conducted in older adults by Dr. Tim McCauley at the CERC at USC. Participants were advised to continue their normal daily activities during this control period.