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. 2021 Nov 12;118(46):e2102206118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2102206118

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

CsEVs induce the activation of M1-like macrophages. (A) The red dye-labeled CsEVs were internalized by RAW 264.7 after treatment for 12 h. (Scale bars, 50 μm.) (B) The expression of CD86 in F4/80+CD11b+ BMDMs after treatment with PBS, CsEVs (32 μg/mL), or CsEVs-free (32 μg/mL) for 24 h. (C and D) The secretions of TNF-α (C) and IL-6 (D) produced by the BMDMs after treatment with PBS, CsEVs (32 μg/mL), or CsEVs-free (32 μg/mL) for 24 h as determined by ELISA. (E and F) The relative expression of Il1b (encoding IL-1β) and Nos2 (encoding iNOS) in the BMDMs after treatment with PBS, CsEVs (32 μg/mL) or CsEVs-free (32 μg/mL) for 24 h as determined by qPCR. The values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Compared with indicated groups, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.