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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 23.
Published in final edited form as: J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Feb 24;131(6):1272–1279. doi: 10.1038/jid.2011.24

Figure 3. The effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Th2 cytokines on barrier proteins.

Figure 3.

Primary human keratinocytes were stimulated with TNF-α (20 ng ml−1) or a combination of IL-4 (50 ng ml−1) and IL-13 (50 ng ml−1) for 24 hours. The gene expression of filaggrin (FLG) (a), loricrin (LOR) (b), involucrin (IVL) (c), and human-β defensin 2 (HBD-2) (d) were examined by real-time RT-PCR. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.