Table 2.
Bivariate and logistic regression estimates for ADL and IADL limitations by chronic conditions and other background characteristics
| Variables | Low ADL | Low IADL | Low ADL | Low IADL | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | p < 0.05 | % | p < 0.05 | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 20.87 | 38.84 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 26.36 | 56.86 | 1.698*** (1.544–1.868) | 1.197*** (1.064–1.346) | ||
| Hypertension | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 22.13 | 46.52 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 27.14 | 52.1 | 1.112** (1.006–1.227) | 1.156** (1.030–1.297) | ||
| Diabetes | 0.001 | 0.662 | ||||
| No | 23.9 | 48.13 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 23.02 | 49.75 | 1.263*** (1.083–1.472) | 0.920 (0.777–1.090) | ||
| Psychiatric disease | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 23.02 | 47.62 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 49.73 | 73.51 | 2.450*** (1.951–3.071) | 2.455*** (1.966–3.060) | ||
| Lung disease | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 23.38 | 47.18 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 28.02 | 60.98 | 1.504*** (1.286–1.759) | 1.004 (0.802–1.234) | ||
| Heart disease | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 23.36 | 47.91 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 31.47 | 56.4 | 1.430*** (1.130–1.810) | 1.383* (1.002–1.910) | ||
| Stroke | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 22.99 | 47.62 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 51.83 | 74.3 | 3.347*** (2.594–4.319) | 3.281*** (2.610–4.122) | ||
| Bone-related disease | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 20.52 | 44.74 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 37.04 | 63.07 | 1.931*** (1.690–2.204) | 2.158*** (1.907–2.443) | ||
| Age (in years) | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| 60–69 | 17.73 | 59.15 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 70–79 | 27.94 | 44.92 | 1.623*** (1.468–1.794) | 1.681*** (1.487–1.901) | ||
| 80+ | 44.08 | 30.53 | 2.909*** (2.378–3.558) | 3.423*** (2.871–4.082) | ||
| Educational status | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| No/primary education | 25.99 | 54.17 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Secondary | 17.72 | 34.86 | 0.571*** (0.494–0.660) | 0.690*** (0.577–0.826) | ||
| Higher | 16.46 | 23.8 | 0.408*** (0.328–0.507) | 0.701*** (0.537–0.914) | ||
| Work status | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Never worked | 25.72 | 54.31 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Currently not working | 30.81 | 57.61 | 1.289*** (1.126–1.499) | 1.285*** (1.136–1.476) | ||
| Working | 13.59 | 35.63 | 0.651*** (0.566–0.762) | 0.760*** (0.677–0.877) | ||
| Retired | 23.55 | 33.02 | 1.388** (1.098–1.779) | 1.018 (0.827–1.278) | ||
| Marital status | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Currently in union | 20.75 | 41.47 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Not in union | 28.59 | 59.34 | 1.341*** (1.190–1.515) | 1.070 (0.926–1.235) | ||
| Living arrangement | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Alone | 27.27 | 59.5 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| With spouse | 21.52 | 43.58 | 1.049 (0.846–1.302) | 1.060 (0.834–1.348) | ||
| With others | 24.1 | 48.77 | 1.019 (0.845–1.229) | 1.015 (0.831–1.240) | ||
| MPCE quintile | 0.187 | 0.001 | ||||
| Poorest | 25.59 | 50.35 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Poorer | 23.78 | 49.68 | 0.977 (0.864–1.103) | 0.885* (0.770–1.018) | ||
| Middle | 23.82 | 45.89 | 0.852** (0.746–0.972) | 0.890 (0.766–1.035) | ||
| Richer | 22.4 | 48.68 | 0.961 (0.821–1.120) | 0.804** (0.680–0.951) | ||
| Richest | 22.9 | 46.68 | 0.916 (0.793–1.057) | 0.823* (0.675–1.004) | ||
| Religion | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Hindu | 23.49 | 48.33 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Muslim | 26.2 | 48.98 | 0.956 (0.823–1.111) | 1.066 (0.921–1.235) | ||
| Others | 23.27 | 47.6 | 0.979 (0.845–1.134) | 0.981 (0.820–1.175) | ||
| Caste | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| SC/ST | 23.85 | 49.02 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| OBC | 23.03 | 50.53 | 1.160*** (1.045–1.288) | 0.954 (0.841–1.082) | ||
| Others | 24.9 | 44.2 | 0.989 (0.876–1.115) | 1.096 (0.957–1.256) | ||
| Place of residence | 0.313 | 0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 22.2 | 40.53 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Rural | 24.42 | 51.57 | 1.557*** (1.387–1.748) | 1.127* (0.978–1.300) | ||
| Total | 23.77 | 48.36 | ||||
% Percentage, Ref Reference, AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, ADL Activities of daily living, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living, MPCE Monthly per capita consumption expenditure
*if p < 0.05, **if p < 0.01, ***if p < 0.001