Table 4.
Predictors of perceiving barriers to sexual and reproductive health services
| Test results (N = 9,008) |
Cost of service (N = 9,036) |
Confidentiality of service (N = 9,013) |
5 or more barriers (N = 9,167) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Female | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 0.266 | 1.10 (1.00, 1.20) | 0.045 | 1.48 (1.35, 1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.49, 1.88) | < 0.001 |
| Transgender/non-binary/multiple genders | 0.82 (0.56, 1.21) | 0.316 | 1.89 (1.24, 2.88) | 0.003 | 1.51 (1.01, 2.24) | 0.044 | 2.38 (1.55, 3.63) | < 0.001 |
| Age (continuous) | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.016 | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) | < 0.001 |
| Sexual orientation | ||||||||
| Straight/heterosexual | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| LGBQ+ | 1.21 (1.07, 1.37) | 0.002 | 1.36 (1.20, 1.54) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.10, 1.41) | 0.001 | 1.42 (1.22, 1.64) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity/race | ||||||||
| Hispanic | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Non-Hispanic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| White | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.06) | 0.238 | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) | 0.012 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.899 |
| Black | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.224 | 0.65 (0.53, 0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.62, 0.95) | 0.015 | 0.66 (0.48, 0.90) | 0.009 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander/ Native Hawaiian | 1.68 (1.34, 2.11) | < 0.001 | 1.37 (1.09, 1.72) | 0.006 | 1.14 (0.91, 1.42) | 0.262 | 1.82 (1.42, 2.33) | < 0.001 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1.28 (0.87, 1.89) | 0.213 | 0.76 (0.52, 1.12) | 0.167 | 0.73 (0.50, 1.08) | 0.119 | 1.02 (0.62, 1.68) | 0.930 |
| Multiple | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | 0.954 | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95) | 0.018 | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) | 0.547 | 0.69 (0.49, 0.98) | 0.036 |
| Living situation | ||||||||
| Stable housing | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Foster care | 1.27 (1.05, 1.53) | 0.013 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.23) | 0.854 | 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 0.378 | 0.85 (0.66, 1.10) | 0.210 |
| Juvenile justice facility | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.260 | 0.58 (0.45, 0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.32, 0.55) | < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.29, 0.76) | 0.002 |
| Unstable housing | 1.13 (0.83, 1.53) | 0.430 | 1.41 (1.04, 1.91) | 0.027 | 1.12 (0.83, 1.52) | 0.450 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.58) | 0.768 |
| Ever had vaginal and/or anal sex | ||||||||
| No | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.84, 1.04) | 0.216 | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.82, 1.02) | 0.101 | 0.78 (0.67, 0.91) | 0.001 |
Note: Odds ratios are based on mixed-effects logit models, accounting for the nested structure of the data (participants within cohorts and cohorts within agencies)