Table 1.

Baseline (fiscal year 2011, except where noted) characteristics of adults with diabetes by cardiovascular disease (CVD) status and use of education, case management, and advanced practice pharmacy (ECP) services during fiscal year 2012.

	Adults with diabetes					Adults with diabetes absent CVD					Adults with diabetes and CVD
Characteristic	ECP non-users		ECP users			ECP non-users		ECP users			ECP non-users		ECP users
	N	%	N	%		N	%	N	%		N	%	N	%
All adults with diabetes	16,855	100.0%	11,723	100.0%		12,733	100.0%	8,044	100.0%		4,122	100.0%	3,679	100.0%
Gender										^*
Female	9,635	57.2%	6,795	58.0%		7,506	59.0%	4,861	60.4%		2,129	51.7%	1,934	52.6%
Male	7,220	42.8%	4,928	42.0%		5,227	41.1%	3,183	39.6%		1,993	48.4%	1,745	47.4%
Age					^***					^***					^***
18–34 years	1,728	10.3%	827	7.1%		1,552	12.2%	722	9.0%		176	4.3%	105	2.9%
35–44 years	2,876	17.1%	1,615	13.8%		2,502	19.7%	1,345	16.7%		374	9.1%	270	7.3%
45–54 years	4,291	25.5%	2,917	24.9%		3,506	27.5%	2,238	27.8%		785	19.0%	679	18.5%
55–64 years	4,245	25.2%	3,355	28.6%		3,080	24.2%	2,244	27.9%		1,165	28.3%	1,111	30.2%
65+ years	3,715	22.0%	3,009	25.7%		2,093	16.4%	1,495	18.6%		1,622	39.4%	1,514	41.2%
Health Coverage
No coverage in addition to IHS access	6,457	38.3%	4,162	35.5%	^***	5,311	41.7%	3,213	39.9%		1,146	27.8%	949	25.8%	^*
Medicaid	3,684	21.9%	2,107	18.0%	^***	2,832	22.2%	1,525	19.0%	^***	852	20.7%	582	15.8%	^***
Medicare	4,805	28.5%	4,016	34.3%	^***	2,808	22.1%	2,071	25.8%	^***	1,997	48.5%	1,945	52.9%	^***
Private	3,959	23.5%	2,968	25.3%	^***	3,047	23.9%	2,115	26.3%	^***	912	22.1%	853	23.2%
Health Condition
Hypertension	11,798	70.0%	9,081	77.5%	^***	8,419	66.1%	5,926	73.7%	^***	3,379	82.0%	3,155	85.8%	^***
Cardiovascular disease	4,122	24.5%	3,679	31.4%	^***
Renal disease	1,223	7.3%	1,147	9.8%	^***	344	2.7%	309	3.8%	^***	879	21.3%	838	22.8%
Neuropathy	2,287	13.6%	2,002	17.1%	^***	1,419	11.1%	1,082	13.5%	^***	868	21.1%	920	25.0%	^***
Amputations^a	213	1.3%	159	1.4%		76	0.6%	45	0.6%		137	3.3%	114	3.1%
Mental health disorders^b	3,510	20.8%	2,880	24.6%	^***	2,540	20.0%	1,914	23.8%	^***	970	23.5%	966	26.3%	^**
Depression	2,350	13.9%	2,022	17.3%	^***	1,708	13.4%	1,322	16.4%	^***	642	15.6%	700	19.0%	^***
Alcohol and drug abuse	1,101	6.5%	571	4.9%	^***	841	6.6%	380	4.7%	^***	260	6.3%	191	5.2%	^*
Alcohol abuse	861	5.1%	436	3.7%	^***	658	5.2%	302	3.8%	^***	203	4.9%	134	3.6%	^**
Drug abuse	357	2.1%	200	1.7%	^*	267	2.1%	120	1.5%	^**	90	2.2%	80	2.2%
Tobacco use disorders	1,528	9.1%	1,028	8.8%		1,075	8.4%	635	7.9%		453	11.0%	393	10.7%
Liver disease	700	4.2%	588	5.0%	^***	505	4.0%	383	4.8%	^**	195	4.7%	205	5.6%
Eye disease	2,581	15.3%	2,364	20.2%	^***	1,660	13.0%	1,373	17.1%	^***	921	22.3%	991	26.9%	^***
Risk score quartiles					^***					^***					^***
Quartile 1 (lowest risk)	5,067	30.1%	2,071	17.7%		3,738	29.4%	1,455	18.1%		1,280	31.1%	669	18.2%
Quartile 2	4,356	25.8%	2,793	23.8%		3,265	25.6%	1,930	24.0%		1,027	24.9%	924	25.1%
Quartile 3	3,857	22.9%	3,289	28.1%		2,967	23.3%	2,227	27.7%		936	22.7%	1,014	27.6%
Quartile 4 (highest risk)	3,575	21.2%	3,570	30.5%		2,763	21.7%	2,432	30.2%		879	21.3%	1,072	29.1%
Clinical measures
Systolic blood pressure					^***					^***					^***
No SBP result	566	4.5%	174	2.4%		501	5.3%	154	3.0%		65	2.2%	20	0.9%
<140 mmHg	8,999	72.2%	5,578	75.4%		6,957	73.4%	3,971	77.0%		2,042	68.6%	1,607	71.8%
≥140 mmHg	2,893	23.2%	1,642	22.2%		2,022	21.3%	1,030	20.0%		871	29.3%	612	27.3%
A1c					^***					^***					^***
No A1c result	2,178	17.5%	611	8.3%		1,751	18.5%	488	9.5%		427	14.3%	123	5.5%
<8%	5,878	47.2%	3,722	50.3%		4,365	46.0%	2,513	48.8%		1,513	50.8%	1,209	54.0%
≥8%	4,402	35.3%	3,061	41.4%		3,364	35.5%	2,154	41.8%		1,038	34.9%	907	40.5%
LDL cholesterol					^***					^***					^***
No LDL result	3,819	30.7%	1,555	21.0%		3,041	32.1%	1,202	23.3%		778	26.1%	353	15.8%
<100 mg/dL	4,730	38.0%	3,524	47.7%		3,342	35.3%	2,244	43.5%		1,388	46.6%	1,280	57.2%
≥100 mg/dL	3,909	31.4%	2,315	31.3%		3,097	32.7%	1,709	33.2%		812	27.3%	606	27.1%
Hospital service use
Average # of I/T ED visits	0.79		0.78			0.69		0.62		^**	1.10		1.12
1 or more hospitalizations (%)	1,226	8.8%	883	10.3%	^**	583	5.5%	340	5.7%		643	19.9%	543	21.2%
Average # of hospital inpatient days	0.49		0.61		^**	0.23		0.25			1.32		1.46
1 or more I/T potentially preventable hospitalizations (%)	334	2.1%	296	2.6%	^**	135	1.1%	102	1.3%		199	5.0%	194	5.5%
Mean ECP Drive time 2012 (min)	22.5		15.2		^***	22.3		15.4		^***	23.0		14.6		^***
ECP FY2012 facility rate	0.30		0.35		^***	0.30		0.34		^***	0.31		0.36		^***
County-level demographic information
Mean percent with < high school completion		46.8%		46.0%			46.8%		46.0%			46.8%		45.9%
Mean percent with < 139% federal poverty level		45.1%		41.1%	^***		45.2%		41.4%	^***		44.7%		40.4%	^***

IHS: Indian Health Service; ECP: education, case management and advanced practice pharmacy; I/T: Indian Health Service and Tribal

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.01;

^***

p < 0.001

The prevalence of amputations represents amputations noted on the utilization records during the specific fiscal years; providers may not have documented in the utilization record that a person had an amputation during previous years.

Depression is one of the mental health disorders included in the category Mental health disorders; other types of mental health disorders include anxiety, bipolar, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Persons in the Depression category may or may not have other mental health disorders.