Table 2. . Summary of the search results from the MEDLINE (PubMed) database for the articles concerning the application of exosome in regenerative dentistry.

Functions in dentistry	Summary	Type of the study	Study	Ref.
To regenerate periodontal ligament (PDL)	MSC exosome-loaded collagen-sponge-enhanced periodontal regeneration in an immunocompetent rat periodontal defect model	In vivo	Chew et al.	[55]
To induce bone, cartilage, dentin, mucosa and pulp tissue formation	Functions of MSC exosome in relation to oral and craniofacial tissue engineering	Review	Cooper et al.	[56]
To repair critical size osteochondral defects	Exosome enhanced matrix synthesis and a regenerative immune phenotype in osteochondral defect	In vivo	Zhang et al.	[57]
	Exosome derived human embryonic MSCs promoted osteochondral regeneration	In vivo	Zhang et al.	[58]
To enhance angiogenesis in oral wounds	Possible implication of exosome for therapeutic induction of angiogenesis in the oral wounds	Review	Zimta et al.	[59]
To function as small molecule drug to enhance chondrogenesis	Exosome improved efficient delivery of kartogenin to synovial fluid derived MSCs for chondrogenic differentiation	In vitro and in vivo	Xu et al.	[60]
To treat OA (osteoarthritis) in TMJ (temporo mandibular joint)	Potential of exosome in regenerating cartilage and osseous compartments in TMJ, thus restoring injured, dysfunction, and pain tissues	Review	Lee et al.	[61]
	Exosome attenuated inflammation and restored matrix homeostasis	In vitro	Zhang et al.	[62]
To control dental-pulp derived pain and inflammation	Potential of exosome to modulate thermo-sensitive receptor potential cation channel in pain and inflammation management in everyday dental practices	Review	Schuh et al.	[63]
To promote oral mucosal wound healing	Exosome isolated from clinical grade production of oral mucosal epithelial cells stimulated epithelial regeneration and showed pro-regenerative effects on skin wound healing	In vitro and in vivo	Sjöqvist et al.	[64]
To enhance endodontics and pulp regeneration	Potential of exosome as an approach to enhance regenerative endodontics	Review	Tatullo et al.	[65]
	Potential of exosome to trigger pulp regeneration (including pulp angiogenesis), regulate proliferation, migration and differentiation and provide neuroprotection	Review	Yu et al.	[66]
	Exosome was isolated from DPCs culture supernatant and examined on its roles to HUVEC proliferation, pro-angiogenic factors expression and tubular formation. It was found that exosome-derived DPCs have vital roles in angiogenesis and tubular morphogenesis	In vitro	Xian et al.	[67]
To enhance cutaneous wound healing	Exosome from neonatal serum used to pre-treat MSCs improved MSCs biological functions in enhancing angiogenesis	In vitro	Qiu et al.	[68]
To enhance nerve regeneration, increase number and diameter of nerve fibers and promote myelin formation	Exosome was isolated from gingival MSCs, combined with biodegradable chitin conduits and applied to rat sciatic nerve defect. Number and diameter of nerve fibers increased significantly. There was also significant increased proliferation of Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglions by the treatment	In vivo	Rao et al.	[69]
To inhibit cancer growth	Potential of exosome to inhibit cancer growth since it may transduce apoptosis-inducing factors	Review	Stefanska et al.	[70]
To regulate bone remodeling and function as therapeutics agent in orthodontics	Potential of exosome to enhance communication networks integrating bone cells osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte) and linking bone to other tissues. These potentials are significant to augment bone remodeling associated with orthodontic force application or required for the repair of craniofacial bone	Review	Holliday et al.	[71]
To induce dentinogenesis in regenerative endodontics procedure	Stem cells from apical papilla derived exosomes were applied into the root fragment containing bone marrow MSCs and transplanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. It was observed that dental-pulp like tissues were present and newly formed dentine was deposited onto the existing root canal. It was also observed that dentine sialophosphoprotein and mineralized nodule were significantly increased	In vitro and in vivo	Zhuang et al.	[72]
To regenerate and repair tissue through cell-free-based tissue engineering with sustained release capability	Potential of exosome as mediators for tissue regeneration. The review describes exosome involvement in a multitude of physiological processes, such as development, cell differentiation and angiogenesis	Review	Alqurashi et al.	[73]
To accelerate craniofacial regeneration when combined with three-dimensional block co-polymer	Exosome derived from human dental pulp stem cells loaded into biodegradable triblock copolymer microspheres of poly(lactic-co-glycolic-acid) or PLGA and poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG facilitated bone marrow stromal cells. It was also observed that direct insertion of the construct into calvaria defect of the mouse accelerated bone healing in vivo	In vitro and in vivo	Swanson et al.	[74]
To regenerate salivary gland	Potential of exosome to ameliorate salivary gland injury by combination of three-dimensional bioprinting or bio assembly spheroid or organoid cell transplantation	Review	Chansaenroj et al.	[75]

DPC: Dental pulp cell; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.