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. 2021 Nov 23;47(1):19–30. doi: 10.1007/s13318-021-00736-7

Table 3.

Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) of andrographolide after oral administration of different formulations of this diterpene

Andrographolide formulation Dose of diterpene Species AUC0–∞ (ng·h/mL) Tmax (h)a Cmax (ng/mL) Reference
Andrographolide solid dispersion formulation 100 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 928.2 ± 181.1 0.4 ± 0.3 254.0 ± 59.7 [8]
Andrographolide suspension 300 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 953.3 ± 130.3 2.1 ± 1.8 206.6 ± 57.6 [8]
Andrographolide-loaded nanoemulsion formulation 100 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 3700 ± 240 0.08 3780 ± 880 [50]
Andrographolide suspension 300 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 1870 ± 170 0.75 ± 0.18 730 ± 80 [50]
Andrographolide in distilled water with 0.3 g/kg carboxymethyl cellulose 25 mg/kg Male albino Wistar rats 26740 ± 1420 2.50 6790 ± 540 [59]
Andrographolide herbosome 25 mg/kg Male albino Wistar rats 87300 ± 2350 4.0 9640 ± 720 [59]
Pure andrographolide in 0.3 % carboxymethyl cellulose 10 mg/kg Male albino Wistar rats 2169 ± 143 1.00 ± 0.06 830 ± 50 [60]
Andrographolide nanoparticles 10 mg/kg Male albino Wistar rats 4807 ± 261 0.25 ± 0.02 2670 ± 130 [60]
Andrographolide coarse powder 40 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 94.44 ± 27.57 28.75 ± 12.50 min 77.74 ± 22.17 [63]
Physical mixture of andrographolide coarse powder, TGPS, and sodium lauryl sulfate 40 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 152.00 ± 35.52 22.00 ± 9.48 min 80.25 ± 17.35 [63]
Andrographolide dripping pills 40 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 172.30 ± 27.45 22.50 ± 5.57 min 168.17 ± 47.28 [63]
Freeze-dried andrographolide nanosuspensions with TGPS 40 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 367.82 ± 91.40 12.50 ± 8.80 min 235.91 ± 53.73 [63]
Freeze-dried andrographolide nanosuspensions without TGPS 40 mg/kg Male Sprague Dawley rats 253.19 ± 27.34 22.00 ± 10.00 min 200.49 ± 18.91 [63]
Andrographolide nanocrystal-based solid dispersion 20 mg/kg Male Wistar rats 1,794.783 ± 311.213 0.44 ± 0.14 323.423 ± 43.527 [64]
Andrographolide nanocrystal suspension 20 mg/kg Male Wistar rats 1,564.784 ± 416.853 0.36 ± 0.17 346.741 ± 38.163 [64]
Water-dispersed crude andrographolide 20 mg/kg Male Wistar rats 379.521 ± 124.233 1.11 ± 0.23 52.506 ± 10.652 [64]

AUC area under the concentration-time curve, Cmax maximum concentration, Tmax time to reach Cmax in hours unless specified otherwise

aMean ± SD, unless specified otherwise