Table 1. Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of participants in the carotid ultrasound study.
| Variable | CKD patients | Controls | p-values |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants (n) | 200 | 121 | |
| Age (yr) | 64 (54–71) | 64 (52–70) | 0.366 |
| Female sex (n, %) | 76 (38) | 49 (41) | 0.657 |
| BP systolic (mmHg) | 133 (±1) | 130 (±2) | 0.228 |
| BP diastolic (mmHg) | 80 (±1) | 81 (±1) | 0.451 |
| P-creatinine (μmol/l) | 142 (123–165) | 79 (70–89) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 41 (35–50) | 82 (75–92) | <0.001 |
| P-HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.52 (±0.04) | 1.82 (±0.05) | <0.001 |
| P-LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.0 (±0.1) | 3.5 (±0.1) | <0.001 |
| P-triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.55 (1.13–2.27) | 0.88 (0.69–1.15) | <0.001 |
| P-glucose (mmol/l) | 6.3 (±0.1) | 5.8 (±0.0) | 0.006 |
| P-ionized calcium (mmol/l) | 1.22 (±0.00) | 1.23 (±0.00) | 0.548 |
| P-phosphate (mmol/l) | 1.02 (±0.01) | 1.01 (±0.02) | 0.609 |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio x 10−3 | 67(10–352) | 0 (0–4) | <0.001 |
| P-urate (mmol/l) | 0.44 (±0.01) | 0.31 (±0.01) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 178 (89) | 35 (29) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (n, %) | 162 (82) | 81 (67) | 0.002 |
| Type 1 diabetes (n, %) | 6 (3) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes (n, %) | 42 (21) | 0 (0) | |
| Cardiovascular co-morbidity (n, %) | 41 (21) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease and diabetes | 18 (9) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| (n, %) | |||
| Alcohol intake (units/week) | 2 (0–10) | 7 (3–14) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (n, %): | |||
| Never smoked | 78 (39) | 63 (52) | 0.028 |
| Former smoker | 82 (41) | 45 (37) | |
| Active smoker | 40 (20) | 13 (11) | |
| Smoking (pack years) | 5 (0–30) | 0 (0–10) | <0.001 |
| Medication (n, %): | |||
| Lipid lowering | 104 (52) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive | 168 (84) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 23 (12) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Oral antidiabetic | 23 (12) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Anti-platelet | 62 (31) | 2 (2) | <0.001 |
Values for categorical variables are given as number (percentages), totals may not add up to 100% due to rounding; values for continuous variables are given as mean (±SEM) or median (IQR, 25th to 75th percentile). CKD: chronic kidney disease. BP: blood pressure. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.