Table 2.

Different scientific scientific strategies for overcoming antibiotic resistance.

S.No.	Scientific Strategy	Mode of action	References
	Basic Scientific Strategies
	iUse of Peptide antibiotics/antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)	Target cell membrane directly or an intracellular target. Can also trigger immune response to combat diseases.	Pasupuleti et al., 2012, Egorov et al., 2018
	iiUse of Carbohydrate modified compounds	Target cell wall, biosynthetic pathway of peptidoglycan layer, small or large subunit of ribosome etc.	Ramirez et al., 2010, Jeong et al., 2017
	iiiUse of Non-antibacterials	Enhance activity of conventional antibiotics	Pires et al., 2017
	ivUse of Combinations of antibiotics andcompounds	Combinations of antibiotics are directed towards multiple targets	Silver et al., 2007, Deshayes et al., 2017
II	Advanced Molecular Strategies
	iPhenotypic conversion of drug-resistant todrug-sensitive bacteria	Specific sequence insertion in plasmid DNA to produce specific proteins leading to conversion of drug-resistant to drug-sensitive bacteria	Guerrier et al., 1997, Toney et al., 1998, Alfonso et al., 2007, Jackson et al., 2016
	iiApplication of DNA and mRNA vaccines	Specific sequence insertion in plasmid DNA or directly in mRNA to produce a humoral immune response	Pizza et al., 2000, Endmann et al., 2014, Jansen et al., 2018, Zhang et al., 2019
	iiiBacteriophage therapy	Bacteriophages attach themselves on specific bacterial cells which result in lysing/killing of the host pathogenic bacteria, or phages insert their DNA into the bacterial genome and it gets replicated along with the host DNA machinery	Alisky et al., 1998, Malik et al., 2019, Malik et al., 2020
	ivGene editing technology	Insertion, deletion or point mutation of specific genes	Schouten et al., 2006, Holme et al., 2012, Waltz, 2015, Kumar et al., 2020
	vCRISPR/Cas gene editing system	Gene silencing or gene editing is done to inactivate gene causing resistance	Pak, 2014, Rodrigues et al., 2019