Fig. 1.

The eight main types and regulatory mechanisms that control the activation of TA modules. (A–H) The illustrations schematically describe modes of action to neutralize toxins (green) by cognate antitoxins (orange) in type I–VIII TA modules (details are explained in the main text). TA genomic location and promoter positions are depicted with colored and grey arrows, respectively. RNAs are sketched with curly colored lines.

(A) Type I TA module

B) Type II TA module

(C) Type III TA module

(D) Type IV TA module

(E) Type V TA module

(F) Type VI TA module

(G) Type VII TA module

(H) Type VIII TA module