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. 2021 Jul 8;20(12):1629–1634. doi: 10.1038/s41563-021-01050-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Schematic image of the concept, showing a H-induced crack propagation crossing a designed solute-rich buffer region, with the solute concentration profile and the corresponding crack resistance schematically shown on the right side. b, Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) phase plus image quality (IQ) map showing the austenite–ferrite dual-phase microstructure. fcc, face-centred cubic; bcc, body-centred cubic. c, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) map revealing the overall Mn distribution pattern in the microstructure. The chemical buffer zones are those regions where Mn is highly enriched (~14–16 at.% Mn) inside the austenite phase (some of them are marked by elliptical frames). d, High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) observation with EDX analysis, showing the existence of multiple Mn-rich zones inside one austenite crystal cluster or even one austenite grain. The selected area electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images taken, respectively, from the marked circular and rectangular frames are placed on the right side of the STEM image. The EDX line profile is taken from the area marked by a white arrow in the EDX map.