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. 2021 Nov 24;164:69–82. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.11.010

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© 2021 The Authors

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 2 — Potential mechanisms by which circulating endothelial cells are activated by lymphocytes or their cytokines during COVID-19 progression. The positive correlation between the expression of CEC activation markers such as (A) ICAM1, (B) SELP, and (C) CX3CL1 and their corresponding counter receptors ITGAL, SELPLG, and CX3CR1 on lymphocytes collected from COVID-19 PBMCs implicates the interaction of activated ECs and effector lymphocytes. The high frequency of cytotoxic effector cells in COVID-19 patients may also explain the susceptibility of COVID-19 patients to endothelial injury.