Fig. 5.

Therapeutic strategies targeting over-activation of the immune responses during COVID-19 progression. Over-activated immune response caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection could be mitigated by (A) blocking the interaction between IL-6 and IL-6R through Tocilizumab; (B) controlling cytokine release storm from leukocytes through dexamethasone; (C) inhibiting formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and promoting clearance of NETs through DNase I (Dornase alfa) or neonatal NET inhibitory factor (nNIF); (D) suppressing complement activation through Eculizumab; or (E) controlling inflammation after infection by implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).