Table 1.

Characteristics of endothelial inflammation and dysfunction in COVID-19 patients

Patient age (years old)	Manifestations	Tissues collected	Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in ECs?	Ref
15	Elevated inflammation and endothelial injury	Blood	N/A	[31]
24	Changes in vascular reactivity and arterial stiffness	Examination by FMD, NMD, PWV, Aix, and cIMT	N/A	[35]
24	Elevated factor VIII, vWF, ischemic stroke	Blood, examination by MRI of the brain	N/A	[32]
31	Endotheliitis and vasculitis of small cardiac vessels	Heart (autopsy)	N/A	[28]
32	Impaired endothelium-dependent microvascular reactivity	Skin, examination of microvascular flow by LDPM	N/A	[34]
40	Multifocal vasculitis, arteriolitis	Bowel (biopsy)	Positive	[26]
43	Endotheliitis in venous vessels	Specimen from hemicolectomy	Positive	[27]
72	Elevated D-dimers, vWF, factor VIII	Blood	N/A	[30]
79	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis	Epidermis and dermis (biopsy)	N/A	[29]
Pediatrics, adults	Chilblain-like skin lesion, lymphocytic vasculitis	Skin (biopsy)	Inconclusive	[[19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]]
Aged adults	Endotheliitis	Kidney, heart, small intestine, lung, liver (autopsy), resected small intestine	Positive	[3]
Aged adults	Thrombosis, microangiopathy, increased angiogenesis	Lung (autopsy)	Positive	[4,25]
Aged adults	Limb ischemia, femoropopliteal occlusion	Resected arterial segments	Negative (arterial wall)	[33]

Abbreviations: EC endothelial cell, vWF von Willebrand factor, LDPM laser doppler perfusion monitoring, FMD flow-mediated dilation, NMD nitroglycerin-mediated dilation, PWV pulse wave velocity, Aix augmentation index, cIMT carotic intima-mediated thickness, MRI magnetic resonance imaging