Table 2.

Standardized beta coefficients for model 1

Presage factors	Process factors		Product factors
	DA	SA	CBA			OSCE
	Direct effect	Direct effect	Direct effect	Indirect effect via DA	Indirect effect via SA	Direct effect	Indirect effect via DA	Indirect effect via SA
Age	0.14*	− 0.05	− 0.01	0.18*	− 0.02	− 0.02	− 0.15	0.01
Gender	0.02	− 0.03	0.02	0.04	− 0.02	0.35***	− 0.03	0.01
Parental education	− 0.06	− 0.02	− 0.04	− 0.16	− 0.02	− 0.10	0.13	0.01
Prior performance	0.02	0.05	0.57***	0.00	0.00	0.32***	− 0.00	− 0.00
Conscientiousness	0.35***	− 0.14*	0.19***	0.05*	− 0.01	− 0.04	− 0.04	0.00
Perceived educational environment	0.30***	− 0.36***	− 0.02	0.02*	− 0.01	0.06	− 0.02	0.00

DA deep learning approach, SA surface learning approach, CBA computer-based assessment, OSCE objective structured clinical examination

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001