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. 2021 Nov 23;11:22794. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02304-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Violin plots of metabolites among CST I that differed by birth outcome. Kernel probability density of various metabolites are presented. Metabolite abundances were log2 transformed and two-sided Student t-tests were performed. Resulting p-values were corrected by false discovery rates calculated using the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) method with a threshold of ≤ 0.1. Fold change was calculated to quantify the difference in log2 change between groups for each metabolite. Metabolites with a p-value ≤ 0.05 and absolute fold changes ≥ 1.5 were considered significant. Violin plots are presented for the top six metabolites with the greatest fold change.