Table 3.
Relation between heavy metal concentration and the presence of nosebleed, white lines on nails and chronic colic.
| Metal | Concentration | Nosebleed | White lines on nails | Chronic colic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No N (%) | Yes N (%) | X2 p-value | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | X2 p-value | No N (%) | Yes N (%) | X2 p-value | |||||
| linear association | Pearson | linear association | Pearson | Linear association | Pearson | ||||||||
| As | Low | 21 (67.7) | 10 (32.3) | 0.001 | 0.01 | 27 (87.1) | 4 (12.9) | 0 .039 | 0.07 | 26 (83.9) | 5 (16.1) | 0.045 | 0.1 |
| Medium | 13 (41.9) | 18 (58.1) | 20 (64.5) | 11 (35.5) | 19 (61.3) | 12 (38.7) | |||||||
| High | 8 (26.7) | 22 (73.3) | 19 (63.3) | 11 (36.7) | 18 (60.0) | 12 (40.0) | |||||||
| Cd | Low | 21 (67.7) | 10 (32.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 30 (96.8) | 1 (3.2) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 23 (74.2) | 8 (25.8) | 0.277 | 0.5 |
| Medium | 14 (46.7) | 16 (53.3) | 18 (60.0) | 12 (40.0) | 21 (70.0) | 9 (30.0) | |||||||
| High | 7 (22.6) | 24 (77.4) | 18 (58.1) | 13 (41.9) | 19 (61.3) | 12 (38.7) | |||||||
| Fe | Low | 22 (73.3) | 8 (26.7) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 27 (90.0) | 3 (10.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 23 (76.6) | 7 (23.3) | 0.199 | 0.4 |
| Medium | 10 (32.3) | 21 (67.7) | 24 (77.4) | 7 (22.6) | 21 (67.7) | 10 (32.3) | |||||||
| High | 10 (32.3) | 21 (67.7) | 15 (48.4) | 16 (51.6) | 19 (62. 3) | 12 (38.7) | |||||||
| Mn | Low | 21 (70.0) | 9 (30.0) | 0.045 | < 0.001 | 27 (90.0) | 3 (10.0) | 0.008 | 0.02 | 24 (80.0) | 6 (20.0) | 0.519 | 0.1 |
| Medium | 7 (23.3) | 23 (76.7) | 20 (66.7) | 10 (33.3) | 16 (53.3) | 14 (46.7) | |||||||
| High | 14 (43.8) | 18 (56.2) | 19 (59.4) | 13 (40.6) | 23 (71.9) | 9 (28.1) | |||||||
| Pb | Low | 21 (70.0) | 9 (30.0) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 27 (90.0) | 3 (10.0) | 0.002 | 0.01 | 24 (80.0) | 6 (20.0) | 0.168 | 0.2 |
| Medium | 12 (38.7) | 19 (61.3) | 22 (71.0) | 9 (29.0) | 19 (61.3) | 12 (38.7) | |||||||
| High | 8 (26.7) | 22 (73.3) | 16 (53.3) | 14 (46.7) | 19 (63.3) | 11 (36.7) | |||||||
| Tl | Low | 22 (73.3) | 8 (26.7) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 3 (10.0) | 0.001 | 0 | 25 (83.3) | 5 (16.7) | 0.057 | 0.1 |
| Medium | 10 (34.5) | 19 (65.5) | < 0.001 | 7 (24.1) | 18 (62.1) | 11 (37.9) | |||||||
| High | 10 (30.3) | 23 (69.7) | < 0.001 | 16 (48.5) | 20 (60.6) | 13 (39.4) | |||||||
| Al | Low | Not measured | 29 (90.6) | 3 (9.4) | 0.001 | < 0.01 | 23 (71.9) | 9 (28.1) | 0.789 | 0.8 | |||
| Medium | 20 (71.4) | 8 (28.6) | 18 (64.3) | 10 (35.7) | |||||||||
| High | 17 (53.1) | 15 (46.9) | 22 (68.8) | 10 (31.2) | |||||||||
| Sb | Low | Not measured | 28 (96.6) | 1 (3.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.01 | 23 (79.3) | 6 (20.7) | 0.352 | 0.2 | |||
| Medium | 22 (68.8) | 10 (31.2) | 19 (59.4) | 13 (40.6) | |||||||||
| High | 16 (51.6) | 15 (48.4) | 21 (67.7) | 10 (32.3) | |||||||||
| Co | Low | Not measured | 30 (93.8) | 2 (6.2) | 0.003 | < 0.01 | 26 (81.2) | 6 (18.8) | 0.208 | 0.1 | |||
| Medium | 18 (60.0) | 12 (40.0) | 17 (56.7) | 13 (43.3) | |||||||||
| High | 18 (60.0) | 12 (40.0) | 20 (66.7) | 10 (33.3) | |||||||||
| Cr | Low | Not measured | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 0.002 | 0.01 | 21 (72.4) | 8 (27.6) | 0.402 | 0.7 | |||
| Medium | 23 (74.2) | 8 (25.8) | 22 (71.0) | 9 (29.0) | |||||||||
| High | 17 (53.1) | 15 (46.9) | 20 (62.5) | 12 (37.5) | |||||||||
| Sn | Low | Not measured | 24 (85.7) | 4 (14.3) | 0.019 | 0.06 | 22 (78.6) | 5 (21.4) | 0.258 | 0.4 | |||
| Medium | 24 (72.7) | 9 (27.3) | 21 (63.6) | 12 (36.4) | |||||||||
| High | 18 (58.1) | 13 (41.9) | 20 (64.5) | 11 (35.5) | |||||||||
| V | Low | Not measured | 26 (89.7) | 3 (10.3) | 0.006 | 0.02 | 23 (79.3) | 6 (20.7) | 0.197 | 0.3 | |||
| Medium | 21 (70.0) | 9 (30.0) | 19 (63.3) | 11 (36.7) | |||||||||
| High | 19 (57.6) | 14 (42.4) | 21 (63.6) | 12 (36.4) | |||||||||
| B | Low | Not measured | 19 (70.4) | 8 (29.6) | 0.842 | 0.98 | 24 (88.9) | 3 (11.1) | 0.23 | < 0.001 | |||
| Medium | 23 (71.9) | 9 (28.1) | 20 (62.5) | 12 (37.5) | |||||||||
| High | 24 (72.7) | 9 (27.3) | 19 (57.6) | 14 (48.3) | |||||||||
N number of children, X2 chi-square test, Al aluminium, As arsenic, B boron, Cd cadmium, Co cobalt, Cr chromium, Fe iron, Mn magnesium, Pb lead, Sb antimony, Sn tin, Tl thallium, V vanadium.