Table 5.
Association between place of residence and manifestation of certain clinical signs.
| Clinical sign | Unexposed region (Carhuamayo) N (%) |
Exposed region (Paragsha) N (%) |
Odds ratio | Odds ratio p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of nosebleed | ||||
| No | 14 (87.5) | 29 (37.2) | 15.40 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 2 (12.5) | 49 (62.8) | ||
| White lines on nails | ||||
| No | 16 (100) | 51 (65.4) | 12.10 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 27 (34.6) | ||
| Chronic colic | ||||
| No | 15 (93.8) | 49 (62.8) | 7.30 | 0.007 |
| Yes | 1 (6.2) | 29 (37.2) | ||
| Dermatologic alterations | ||||
| No | 16 (100) | 63 (80.8) | 6.16 | 0.013 |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 15 (19.2) | ||
| Mood alterations | ||||
| No | 16 (100) | 61 (78.2) | 7.07 | 0.008 |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 17 (21.8) | ||
| Constipation | ||||
| No | 16 (100) | 64 (82.1) | 5.71 | 0.017 |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 14 (17.9) | ||
| Reduced visual field | ||||
| No | 16 (100) | 68 (97.2) | 3.97 | 0.046 |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 10 (12.8) | ||
| Other clinical symptoms | ||||
| No | 15 (93.8) | 54 (69.2) | 5.12 | 0.024 |
| Yes | 1 (6.2) | 24 (30.8) | ||
N number of children, X2 chi-square test.
Dermatologic alterations include café-au-lait spots in flexor areas of the abdomen, back, chest or neck, calluses on palms of the hands, soles with thick and rough skin and calluses in areas without friction; other clinical symptoms encompassed bluish line on the gum, calluses in body areas without friction, calluses on palms and sole with thick and rough skin and inflamed conjunctiva.