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. 2021 Nov 23;7:95. doi: 10.1038/s41378-021-00323-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — These artificial muscles include SMAs^1,156,157 and SMPs^26,158,159, pneumatic artificial muscles^156,160, DEAs^{1,82,83,161–163}, IPMCs^1,4, piezoelectric artificial muscles^4,156,158, soft magnetic artificial muscles^7,164,165