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. 2021 Nov 23;11:22773. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01965-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Canonical pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes in vapers and smokers by IPA. (A) Comparison Analysis was used to identify trends or similarities and differences across the datasets. The heatmap shows the top twenty canonical pathways impacted in vapers and smokers (based on P-value), allowing a direct comparison between the two groups. (B) The ‘CCR5 signaling in macrophages’ pathway was the top dysregulated pathway in vapers (P = 2.15E−04). Affected molecules include CACNA2D2, CCL3/MIP1α, CCL4/MIP1β, and GNG11. (C) The ‘Oxidative phosphorylation’ pathway was the top disrupted pathway in smokers (P = 2.80E−06). Affected molecules include ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, and ND5 (Complex I), Cyt b (Complex III), CO1, CO2, and CO3 (Complex IV), and ATP6 (Complex V). In both cases, Molecule Activity Predictor (MAP) analysis was used to predict how up-regulated and down-regulated genes in the datasets (red and green nodes, respectively) can affect the activity of other molecules on the pathway. For clarity, the affected genes are indicated by asterisks in the two pathways. Orange nodes, prediction of activation; blue nodes, prediction of inhibition.