Table 2.
Effects of quorum sensing molecules on different parameters of the intestinal epithelial barrier function
|
QS molecule
|
Effects
|
Ref.
|
| Effects on the intestinal epithelial migration | ||
| 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Increased migration at low concentrations (1.5-12 μmol/L) vs inhibition at 200 μmol/L | Karlsson et al[72] |
| Interaction with IQGAP1 and increase in Rac1/Cdc42 (1.5-200 μmol/L) | Karlsson et al[72] | |
| Effects on the intestinal epithelial permeability and intercellular junctions | ||
| 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Increased permeability to ions and macromolecules (100-400 μmol/L) | Eum et al[55], Vikström et al[58-60], and Aguanno et al[61] |
| Activation of p38 and p42/44 and calcium signaling (100-200 μmol/L) | Vikström et al[58-60] | |
| Decreased expression levels of tight junction genes (100-400 μmol/L); Disassembly of tight and adherens junctions (modification of their phosphorylation status and involvement of MMP-2 and -3) | Eum et al[55], Vikström et al[58-60], and Aguanno et al[61] | |
| Decreased levels of tight junction proteins occludin and tricellulin (100-400 μmol/L) | Eum et al[55] | |
| Decreased protein levels of extracellular matrix and tight junction proteins (400 μmol/L) | Tao et al[62] | |
| 3-oxo-C12:2-HSL | No deleterious effects on permeabilityProtection of tight junction integrity and maintenance of junctional complexes at the plasma membrane under pro-inflammatory conditions | Landman et al[39] and Aguanno et al[61] |
| 3-oxo-C14-HSL | Decreased protein levels of extracellular matrix and tight junction proteins (400 μmol/L) | Tao et al[62] |
| Indole and indole derivatives | Decreased permeability to ions and increased expression of genes coding tight junction and cytoskeleton proteins | Bansal et al[76] and Shimada et al[77] |
| Decreased permeability to macromolecules | Venkatesh et al[79] | |
| Increased transcripts levels of genes coding tight junction proteins | Shin et al[78] | |
| Effects on the mucus layer components | ||
| 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Decreased MUC3 mRNA levels (30 μmol/L) | Taguchi et al[70] |
| Decrease in Muc2 production in goblet cell-like cell line (100 μmol/L) vs increase in colonic cell line (400 μmol/L) | Tao et al[67] | |
| Indole | Increased expression of genes involved in the production of mucins | Bansal et al[76] |
| Effects on intestinal epithelial cell viability | ||
| 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of apoptosis in goblet cell-like cell line (100 μmol/L) and in colonic cell line (30-100 μmol/L) | Tao et al[67-69], and Taguchi et al[70] |
| Induction of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and blocking of cell cycle (400 μmol/L) | Tao et al[62] | |
| 3-oxo-C14-HSL | Induction of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and blocking of cell cycle (400 μmol/L) | Eum et al[55], Vikström et al[58-60], Aguanno et al[61], and Tao et al[62] |
| CSF | Reduction of oxidative stress-induced cell death and loss of the epithelial barrier (involving HSP27 and p38/MAPK pathway) | Fujiya et al[74] |
CSF: Competence and sporulation factor; HSL: Homoserine lactones; HSP27: Heat shock protein 27; IQGAP1: IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP-2/-3: Matrix metalloproteinase-2/-3; MUC: Mucin; QS: Quorum sensing; Rac1/Cdc42: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1/cell division control protein 42 homolog.