Table 3.
Effects of quorum sensing molecules on inflammation in different cell types
|
Cell type
|
QS molecule
|
Effects
|
Ref.
|
| Effects on innate immune cells | |||
| Macrophages | 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Anti-inflammatory effects on IL-12 and TNF-α (0.1-100 μmol/L) | Telford et al[94] |
| Increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression and decreased TNF-α production (1-100 μmol/L) | Bao et al[180] | ||
| Pro-apoptotic effects (12-50 μmol/L) | Tateda et al[102] | ||
| Increased phagocytosis (100 μmol/L) | Vikström et al[107] | ||
| NF-κB inhibition (4.7 μmol/L) | Kravchenko et al[104] | ||
| Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects (1-50 μmol/L) | Kravchenko et al[105] | ||
| Involvement in p38/MAPK signaling (1-100 μmol/L) | Kravchenko et al[105], Vikström et al[107], Glucksam-Galnoy et al[181] | ||
| Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (6.25-100 μmol/L) | Zhang et al[182] | ||
| Change in cell volume and shape (10-50 μmol/L) | Holm et al[183] | ||
| Indole derivatives | Prevents the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Krishnan et al[184] | |
| AI-2 | Induction of the expression of cytokines, chemokines and TNFSF9 | Li et al[41] | |
| Monocytes | AI-3 and analogues | Increase in IL-8 secretion | Kim et al[22] |
| Dendritic cells | 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Pro-apoptotic effects (100 μmol/L) | Boontham et al[185] |
| No effect on IL-10 secretion (5-30 μmol/L) | Skindersoe et al[100] | ||
| Increased IL-10 production (5-100 μmol/L) | Li et al[99] | ||
| Decreased IL-12 secretion (5-100 μmol/L) | Li et al[99] and Skindersoe et al[100] | ||
| Increased induction of Treg (5-100 μmol/L) | Li et al[99] | ||
| Neutrophils | 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Chemoattraction (0.01-100 μmol/L) | Karlsson et al[186] and Zimmermann et al[187] |
| Activation of MAPK signaling (12-50 μmol/L) | Tateda et al[102] and Singh et al[188] | ||
| Increased phagocytosis (10 μmol/L) | Wagner et al[189] | ||
| Pro-apoptotic effects (12-50 μmol/L) | Tateda et al[102] | ||
| Effects on adaptive immune cells | |||
| T cells | 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Inhibition of proliferation and activation (0.1-100 μmol/L) | Telford et al[94], Boontham et al[185], Gupta et al[190], and Hooi et al[191] |
| Activation of naïve T cells towards Th1 phenotype (5 μmol/L) | Smith et al[95] | ||
| Decreased secretion of IL-4 and IFN-γ (5 μmol/L) | Ritchie et al[96] | ||
| Induction of apoptosis via the mitochondria pathway (100 μmol/L) | Jacobi et al[101] | ||
| Induction of Treg (1-50 μmol/L) | Li et al[99] | ||
| Indole derivatives | Re-programming into tolerogenic T cells | Cervantes-Barragan et al[192] | |
| Promotion of differentiation towards a regulatory type 1 phenotype | Aoki et al[193] | ||
| B cells | 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Modulation of immunoglobulin production (0.1-100 μmol/L) | Telford et al[94] and Ritchie et al[194] |
| ILC | Indole derivatives | Promotion of IL-22 production | Zelante et al[83] |
| Effects on epithelial cells | |||
| Pulmonary tract epithelial cells | 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Induction of IL-8 production and NF-B activation (100 μmol/L) | Smith et al[195] |
| Increased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Jahoor et al[115] | ||
| Intestinal epithelial cells | 3-oxo-C12-HSL | Mitigation (1-10 μmol/L) or aggravation (> 50 μmol/L) of IL-8 expression induction | Peyrottes et al[92] |
| 3-oxo-C12:2-HSL | Attenuation of the induction of IL-8 expression (5-50 μmol/L) | Landman et al[39] | |
AI: Autoinducer; B cells: Lymphocytes B; HSL: Homoserine lactones; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; IL: Interleukin; ILC: Innate lymphoid cells; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; QS: Quorum sensing; T cells: Lymphocytes T; Th: T helper; TLR: Toll like receptors; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; Treg: Regulatory T cells.