Table 1.
Association of selected demographic, psychosocial, COVID-19, and household characteristics and vaccine acceptance, perceived healthcare/science/government effectiveness
| Variable | If there was a vaccine that prevented people from getting sick from coronavirus, would you get the vaccine? | How effective do you feel the healthcare system (including hospitals, clinics, doctors, nurses and other health providers) has been in taking action against coronavirus and COVID-19? | How effective do you feel science (including researchers and analysts) has been in taking action against coronavirus and COVID-19? | How effective do you feel the government (including local and national governments) has been in taking action against coronavirus and COVID-19? | ||||
| Yes # (%) |
No/don’t know # (%) |
Effective # (%) |
Not effective # (%) |
Effective # (%) |
Not effective # (%) |
Effective # (%) |
Not effective # (%) |
|
| Total | 4729 (68.7) | 2154 (31.3) | 5954 (81.4) | 1358 (18.6) | 5577 (76.6) | 1700 (23.4) | 4456 (61.2) | 2824 (38.8) |
| Healthcare (effective) | 3989 (71.1)**** | 1623 (28.9) | – | – | 4961 (83.8)**** | 957 (16.2) | 4113 (69.5)**** | 1806 (30.5) |
| Healthcare (not effective) | 734 (58.4) | 523 (41.6) | – | – | 610 (45.2) | 740 (54.8) | 333 (24.7) | 1014 (75.3) |
| Science (effective) | 3878 (73.8)**** | 1377 (26.2) | 4961 (89.1)**** | 610 (10.9) | – | – | 3785 (68.2)**** | 1764 (31.8) |
| Science (not effective) | 826 (52.1) | 759 (47.9) | 957 (56.4) | 740 (43.6) | – | – | 642 (38.0) | 1047 (62.0) |
| Government (effective) | 2985 (71.4)**** | 1197 (28.6) | 4113 (92.5)**** | 333 (7.5) | 3785 (85.5)**** | 642 (14.5) | – | – |
| Government (not effective) | 1722 (64.6) | 942 (35.4) | 1806 (64.0) | 1014 (36.0) | 1764 (62.8) | 1047 (37.2) | – | – |
| Age <32 | 1443 (72.3)*** | 554 (27.7) | 1710 (85.0)*** | 301 (15.0) | 1615 (80.4)*** | 393 (19.6) | 1247 (62.3) | 756 (37.7) |
| Age 32+ | 2800 (68.1) | 1312 (31.9) | 3365 (81.6) | 760 (18.4) | 3140 (76.5) | 964 (23.5) | 2501 (60.8) | 1615 (39.2) |
| Gender male | 2214 (69.3) | 983 (30.7) | 2605 (81.2)** | 602 (18.8) | 2391 (74.8)**** | 806 (25.2) | 1937 (60.7)* | 1256 (39.3) |
| Gender female | 1946 (69.2) | 866 (30.8) | 2372 (84.0) | 453 (16.0) | 2276 (81.0) | 534 (19.0) | 1745 (61.9) | 1076 (38.1) |
| Gender other | 26 (72.2) |
10 (27.8) |
30 (83.3) | 6 (16.7) | 26 (72.2) | 10 (27.8) | 16 (44.4) | 20 (55.6) |
| Education HS or less | 609 (64.2)**** | 339 (35.8) | 781 (82.1) | 170 (17.9) | 700 (74.2)*** | 243 (25.8) | 579 (60.9) | 371 (29.1) |
| Education over HS | 3495 (70.5) | 1463 (29.5) | 4131 (83.0) | 847 (17.0) | 3906 (78.7) | 1057 (21.3) | 3044 (61.3) | 1919 (38.7) |
| Own home | 2906 (69.2) | 1291 (30.8) | 3482 (82.6)** | 733 (17.4) | 3238 (77.2) | 959 (22.8) | 2644 (63.0)**** | 1556 (37.0) |
| Do not own home | 1728 (67.8) | 821 (32.2) | 2056 (80.3) | 503 (19.7) | 1943 (76.3) | 603 (23.7) | 1486 (58.3) | 1065 (41.7) |
| Own car | 2924 (69.1) | 1306 (30.9) | 3528 (83.1)*** | 720 (16.9) | 3272 (77.3) | 960 (22.7) | 2587 (61.1) | 1650 (38.9) |
| Do not own car | 1718 (68.0) | 808 (32.0) | 2021 (79.7) | 514 (20.3) | 1915 (76.0) | 606 (24.0) | 1552 (61.5) | 972 (38.5) |
| Religion—not stated | 1632 (70.1)* | 697 (29.9) | 2220 (81.1) | 517 (18.9) | 2086 (76.6) | 637 (23.4) | 1587 (58.3)**** | 1134 (41.7) |
| Religion—stated | 3097 (68.0) | 1457 (32.0) | 3734 (81.6) | 841 (18.4) | 3491 (76.7) | 1063 (23.3) | 2869 (62.9) | 1690 (37.1) |
| Region | ||||||||
| Africa | 284 (58.6)**** | 201 (41.4) | 427 (74.8)**** | 144 (25.2) | 381 (67.1)**** | 187 (32.9) | 330 (58.5)**** | 234 (41.5) |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 1164 (76.6) | 355 (23.4) | 1104 (67.7) | 526 (32.3) | 1214 (74.9) | 407 (25.1) | 777 (47.8) | 848 (52.2) |
| Europe | 1071 (71.8) | 421 (28.2) | 1333 (87.0) | 200 (13.0) | 1170 (76.6) | 358 (23.4) | 873 (57.0) | 659 (43.0) |
| Asia | 924 (68.8) | 419 (31.2) | 1213 (84.4) | 225 (15.6) | 1122 (78.5) | 307 (21.5) | 1094 (76.7) | 333 (23.3) |
| Oceania | 300 (65.1) | 161 (34.9) | 419 (87.7) | 59 (12.3) | 390 (81.6) | 88 (18.4) | 386 (80.6) | 93 (19.4) |
| Northern America | 986 (62.3) | 597 (37.7) | 1458 (87.7) | 204 (12.3) | 1300 (78.6) | 353 (21.4) | 996 (60.3) | 657 (39.7) |
| Reside in other than Africa | 4445 (69.5)**** | 1953 (30.5) | 5527 (82.0)**** | 1214 (18.0) | 5196 (77.4)**** | 1513 (22.6) | 4126 (61.4) | 2590 (38.6) |
| Reside in Africa region | 284 (58.6) | 201 (41.1) | 427 (74.8) | 144 (25.2) | 381 (67.1) | 187 (32.9) | 330 (58.5) | 234 (41.5) |
| COVID-19 knowledge high | 2913 (73.4)**** | 1054 (26.6) | 3532 (85.2)**** | 613 (14.8) | 3323 (80.3)**** | 814 (19.7) | 2462 (59.5)**** | 1677 (40.5) |
| COVID-19 knowledge low | 1808 (62.7) | 1076 (37.3) | 2405 (76.8) | 727 (23.2) | 2236 (71.9) | 872 (28.1) | 1980 (63.7) | 1128 (36.3) |
| COVID-19 worry low | 2346 (65.0)**** | 1264 (35.0) | 3141 (83.5)**** | 621 (16.5) | 2868 (76.5) | 883 (23.5) | 2354 (62.6)*** | 1404 (37.4) |
| COVID-19 worry high | 2382 (72.9) | 887 (27.1) | 2796 (79.3) | 732 (20.7) | 2698 (76.9) | 811 (23.1) | 2091 (59.7) | 1414 (40.3) |
| COVID-19 impact score low | 2375 (67.1)*** | 1162 (32.9) | 3042 (83.9)**** | 583 (16.1) | 2745 (76.1) | 860 (23.9) | 2254 (62.3)** | 1364 (37.7) |
| COVID-19 impact score high | 2345 (70.7) | 970 (29.3) | 2755 (79.1) | 728 (20.9) | 2690 (77.4) | 784 (22.6) | 2079 (60.0) | 1388 (40.0) |
| No family/friend has COVID-19 | 3606 (68.0)** | 1697 (32.0) | 4709 (82.3)**** | 1014 (17.7) | 4388 (77.1) | 1306 (22.9) | 3589 (63.0)**** | 2108 (37.0) |
| Family/friend has COVID-19 | 1123 (71.1) | 457 (28.9) | 1245 (78.4) | 344 (21.6) | 1189 (75.1) | 394 (24.9) | 867 (54.8) | 716 (45.2) |
| No family/friend died COVID-19 | 4277 (69.3)*** | 1896 (30.7) | 5471 (82.9)**** | 1125 (17.1) | 5096 (77.6)**** | 1472 (22.4) | 4062 (61.9)*** | 2504 (38.1) |
| Family/friend died COVID-19 | 452 (63.7) | 258 (36.3) | 483 (67.5) | 233 (32.5) | 481 (67.8) | 228 (32.2) | 394 (55.2) | 320 (44.8) |
| Do not believe have had COVID-19 | 4311 (69.0)* | 1935 (31.0) | 5179 (82.7)**** | 1083 (17.3) | 4838 (77.5)**** | 1401 (22.5) | 3872 (62.0)**** | 2369 (38.0) |
| Believe have had COVID-19 | 399 (65.3) | 212 (34.7) | 435 (71.0) | 178 (29.0) | 415 (68.4) | 192 (31.6) | 312 (50.9) | 301 (49.1) |
| Bought/used mask | 3905 (72.3)**** | 1493 (27.7) | 4610 (82.1)** | 1003 (17.9) | 4395 (78.7)**** | 1193 (21.3) | 3439 (61.5) | 2149 (38.5) |
| Did not buy/use mask | 782 (55.7) | 622 (44.3) | 1151 (79.5) | 297 (20.5) | 1018 (70.4) | 428 (29.6) | 868 (59.9) | 582 (40.1) |
| Social distancing observed | 4389 (71.8)**** | 1723 (28.2) | 5085 (83.0)**** | 1045 (17.0) | 4800 (78.6)**** | 1306 (21.4) | 3780 (61.8)*** | 2339 (38.2) |
| Social distancing not observed | 334 (43.9) | 426 (56.1) | 542 (71.1) | 220 (28.9) | 469 (62.0) | 287 (38.0) | 419 (55.8) | 332 (44.2) |
| Stayed home | 4080 (71.6)**** | 1620 (28.4) | 4898 (83.0)**** | 1005 (17.0) | 4636 (78.8)**** | 1247 (21.2) | 3639 (61.9)*** | 2243 (38.1) |
| Did not stay home | 577 (55.1) | 471 (44.9) | 818 (74.8) | 276 (25.2) | 737 (67.7) | 351 (32.3) | 627 (57.4) | 466 (42.6) |
| No childcare responsibilities | 2833 (71.0)**** | 1158 (29.0) | 3357 (83.9)**** | 642 (16.1) | 3153 (79.2)**** | 829 (20.8) | 2382 (59.7)*** | 1607 (40.3) |
| Childcare responsibilities | 1718 (65.7) | 897 (34.3) | 2077 (79.0) | 553 (21.0) | 1926 (73.5) | 693 (26.5) | 1673 (63.9) | 947 (36.1) |
| No elder care responsibilities | 3082 (70.2)*** | 1311 (29.8) | 3676 (83.5)**** | 726 (16.5) | 3419 (77.9)*** | 969 (22.1) | 2626 (59.8)*** | 1766 (40.2) |
| Elder care responsibilities | 1519 (66.4) | 770 (33.6) | 1814 (78.7) | 490 (21.3) | 1712 (74.8) | 576 (25.2) | 1468 (64.1) | 823 (35.9) |
| General health excellent/good | 4339 (77.5) | 1262 (22.5) | 4654 (82.8)** | 969 (17.2) | 4339 (77.5) | 1262 (22.5) | 3485 (62.2)**** | 2121 (37.8) |
| General health fair/poor | 555 (76.8) | 168 (23.2) | 577 (79.4) | 150 (20.6) | 555 (76.8) | 168 (23.2) | 396 (54.6) | 329 (45.4) |
| No difficulty accessing care | 3391 (69.8)* | 1468 (30.2) | 4112 (84.3)**** | 764 (15.7) | 3831 (78.9)**** | 1023 (21.1) | 3039 (62.5)**** | 1823 (37.5) |
| Difficulty accessing care | 959 (67.4) | 463 (32.6) | 1080 (75.6) | 348 (24.4) | 1038 (72.9) | 385 (27.1) | 810 (56.9) | 613 (43.1) |
| Work in healthcare | 588 (70.9) | 241 (29.1) | 653 (78.1)*** | 183 (21.9) | 638 (77.1) | 190 (22.9) | 505 (60.8) | 326 (39.2) |
| Do not work in healthcare | 4141 (68.4) | 1913 (31.6) | 5301 (81.9) | 1135 (18.1) | 4939 (76.6) | 1510 (23.4) | 3951 (61.3) | 2498 (38.7) |
| Have chronic disease | 1082 (72.3)**** | 414 (27.7) | 1209 (80.5) | 292 (19.5) | 1117 (75.1) | 371 (24.9) | 903 (60.3) | 595 (39.7) |
| Do not have chronic disease | 3647 (67.7) | 1740 (32.3) | 4745 (81.7) | 1066 (18.3) | 4460 (77.0) | 1329 (23.0) | 3553 (61.4) | 2229 (38.6) |
| High level of Perceived Social Support (PSS) | 2319 (74.5)**** | 792 (25.5) | 2692 (86.3)**** | 429 (13.7) | 2551 (82.1)**** | 557 (17.9) | 2009 (64.4)**** | 1111 (35.6) |
| PSS Social Support low | 1878 (63.7) | 1069 (36.3) | 2317 (78.3) | 642 (21.7) | 2142 (72.6) | 807 (27.4) | 1697 (57.6) | 1249 (42.4) |
| Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) internal health locus low | 2111 (69.9) | 907 (30.1) | 2602 (82.3) | 561 (17.7) | 2419 (76.7) | 734 (23.3) | 1860 (58.9)**** | 1300 (41.1) |
| MHLC internal health locus high | 2454 (68.1) | 1147 (31.9) | 3128 (81.0) | 734 (19.0) | 2957 (77.0) | 884 (23.0) | 2420 (63.1) | 1414 (36.9) |
| MHLC chance health locus low | 2412 (73.7)**** | 862 (26.3) | 2824 (81.8) | 629 (18.2) | 2734 (79.4)**** | 710 (20.6) | 2062 (59.9)** | 1379 (40.1) |
| MHLC chance health locus high | 2153 (64.1) | 1208 (35.9) | 2922 (81.5) | 663 (18.5) | 2647 (74.2) | 922 (25.8) | 2239 (62.7) | 1332 (37.3) |
| MHLC powerful others locus high | 2226 (72.3)**** | 852 (27.7) | 2706 (81.7) | 608 (18.3) | 2541 (77.1) | 754 (22.9) | 2167 (65.8)**** | 1126 (34.2) |
| MHLC powerful others locus low | 2360 (65.8) | 1226 (34.2) | 3057 (81.3) | 702 (18.7) | 2872 (76.6) | 877 (23.4) | 2150 (57.3) | 1601 (42.7) |
*P<0.10; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01; ****p<0.001.
HS, high school; MHLC, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control.