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. 2021 Nov 24;8(11):210978. doi: 10.1098/rsos.210978

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© 2021 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 6. — Collection of 24 fossil Ginkgo leaves, each represented by their boundary curves (a). PCA ordination scatterplot (PC1 on horizontal axis, PC2 on vertical axis) showing morphological variation of modern Ginkgo leaves (black data points) together with fossil Ginkgo leaves (red data points) based on our geometric approach, the PCs together explain 64% of the variation (b). Ordination showing morphological variation of modern Ginkgo leaves together with fossil Ginkgo leaves based on our topological approach, with a vertical transect of enlarged leaves highlighted in blue (c) and a horizontal transect of enlarged leaves highlighted in blue (d). Modern leaves displayed with black data points and fossil leaves displayed with red data points (b–d).