Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants With Positive and Negative SARS-CoV-2 Test Results According to Psychiatric Diagnostic Categories.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 2 535 098) | Schizophrenia (1.23% of population) | Mood disorders (9.74% of population) | Anxiety disorders (6.10% of population) | Reference group (74.48% of population) | |||||
| COVID+ (n = 3350) | COVID− (n = 30 610) | COVID+ (n = 26 610) | COVID− (n = 243 234) | COVID+ (n = 18 856) | COVID− (n = 149 991) | COVID+ (n = 245 601) | COVID− (n = 1 816 846) | ||
| % Of total | NA | 0.12 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 8.78 | 0.68 | 5.42 | 8.87 | 65.61 |
| Positivity rate, % | 11.61 | 9.86 | NA | 9.86 | NA | 11.17 | NA | 11.91 | NA |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Female | 1 580 703 (62) | 1845 (55) | 16 739 (55) | 19 221 (72) | 175 956 (72) | 12 900 (68) | 103 450 (69) | 124 403 (51) | 968 642 (53) |
| Male | 1 185 282 (38) | 1504 (45) | 13 850 (45) | 7375 (28) | 67 083 (28) | 5944 (32) | 46 460 (31) | 120 929 (49) | 845 841 (47) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 44 (22) | 57 (19) | 54 (18) | 50 (19) | 50 (18) | 48 (18) | 50 (19) | 43 (21) | 44 (23) |
| Race and ethnicity, No. | |||||||||
| African American Hispanic | 6412 | 10 | 102 | 107 | 526 | 50 | 292 | 959 | 4366 |
| African American not Hispanic | 233 519 | 609 | 5339 | 2217 | 17 730 | 1371 | 8834 | 28 927 | 168 492 |
| African American unknown | 20 404 | 38 | 269 | 108 | 1072 | 50 | 534 | 2308 | 16 025 |
| Asian Hispanic | 790 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 43 | 5 | 33 | 122 | 574 |
| Asian not Hispanic | 45 689 | 29 | 261 | 168 | 1385 | 119 | 1147 | 4844 | 37 736 |
| Asian unknown | 5105 | 4 | 13 | 11 | 118 | 15 | 76 | 479 | 4389 |
| Caucasian Hispanic | 72 454 | 133 | 975 | 926 | 5414 | 640 | 3249 | 11 762 | 49 355 |
| Caucasian not Hispanic | 1 583 440 | 2173 | 20 452 | 19 897 | 188 432 | 14 562 | 119 509 | 130 901 | 1 087 514 |
| Caucasian unknown | 157 802 | 115 | 1362 | 900 | 13 694 | 571 | 7475 | 11 955 | 121 730 |
| Other or unknowna | 105 805 | 238 | 3289 | 2267 | 14 820 | 2980 | 10 017 | 53 344 | 326 665 |
| % Caucasian | 72 | 72 | 74 | 82 | 85 | 84 | 87 | 63 | 69 |
| Current smoker | 389 120 (15) | 800 (24) | 11 890 (39) | 3897 (15) | 62 111 (26) | 2285 (12) | 30 364 (20) | 17 908 (7) | 216 635 (12) |
| Chronic health conditions | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 427 328 (17) | 1337 (40) | 10 784 (35) | 5942 (22) | 59 535 (24) | 3416 (18) | 32 329 (22) | 29 252 (12) | 230 156 (13) |
| Diabetes | 203 400 (8) | 856 (40) | 6340 (21) | 3509 (13) | 31 624 (13) | 1687 (9) | 14 437 (10) | 15 912 (6) | 101 092 (5) |
| BMI ≥25 | 1 099 937 (43) | 1208 (36) | 12 069 (39) | 11 179 (42) | 109 406 (45) | 7272 (39) | 61 151 (41) | 98 240 (40) | 799 412 (44) |
| COPD | 125 116 (5) | 623 (18) | 5651 (18) | 2141 (8) | 24 780 (10) | 1014 (5) | 11 952 (8) | 5331 (2) | 54 311 (0.3) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 445 844 (18) | 1638 (49) | 13 644 (45) | 6696 (25) | 63 908 (26) | 4007 (21) | 34 997 (23) | 27 807 (11) | 233 650 (13) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 32 825 (1) | 129 (4) | 1043 (3) | 892 (3) | 7537 (3) | 447 (2) | 3297 (2) | 1956 (0.7) | 12 588 (0.7) |
| Current psychiatric medications | |||||||||
| Antidepressants | NA | 1216 (36) | 11 937 (39) | 17 859 (67) | 166 939 (69) | 8332 (44) | 67 639 (45) | 0 | 0 |
| Antipsychotics | NA | 1065 (32) | 10 489 (34) | 3314 (12) | 38 003 (16) | 641 (3) | 6769 (4) | 0 | 0 |
| Tested at an inpatient facility | |||||||||
| Inpatient | NA | 873 (26) | 7622 (25) | 3219 (12) | 36 585 (15) | 1545 (8) | 16 643 (11) | 26 693 (11) | 214 748 (12) |
| Inpatient psychiatric facility | NA | 107 (3) | 2025 (7) | 191 (0.7) | 4209 (2) | 49 (0.2) | 873 (0.5) | 531 (0.2) | 5909 (0.3) |
| Died in 2020 post COVID for COVID + or died in 2020 for COVID − | 42 153 | 287 | 1075 | 910 | 4915 | 454 | 2431 | 5899 | 26 182 |
| Rate of death, % | 1.66 | 8.57 | 3.51 | 3.42 | 2.02 | 2.41 | 1.62 | 2.40 | 1.44 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID −, tested negative for COVID-19; COVID +, tested positive for COVID-19; NA, not applicable.
a
Data provided race as African American, Asian, Caucasian, other/unknown. Ethnicity was Hispanic, Not Hispanic, and unknown.