Table 3.

Results from Two-Wave Latent Change Score Models Estimating Change in Parent-Child Relationship Qualities with the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

	Maternal Intimacy			Paternal Intimacy			Mother-Child Conflict			Father-Child Conflict
	B	(SE)	p	B	(SE)	p	B	(SE)	p	B	(SE)	p
Time 1 Parent education	.03*	(.02)	.02	.04**	(.01)	.01	−.01	(.01)	.49	−.01	(.01)	.35
Time 1 Income	.02	(.01)	.07	.05***	(.01)	<.001	−.01	(.01)	.52	.00	(.01)	.85
Time 2 Parent education	.03	(.02)	.19	.03	(.02)	.06	−.01	(.02)	.60	.02	(.02)	.34
Time 2 Income	.01	(.02)	.35	.04**	(.01)	.003	−.01	(.02)	.42	−.00	(.01)	.84
Time 1 Household size	−.05	(.03)	.04	−.07	(.03)	.01	.07	(.03)	.02	.01	(.03)	.71
Time 2 Household size	.03	(.03)	.37	−.01	(.03)	.82	.01	(.03)	.87	−.01	(.03)	.63
Time 1 Marital status	−.34	(.09)	<.001	−.96	(.09)	<.001	.15	(.09)	.08	−.39	(.09)	<.001
Time 2 Marital status	.28	(.11)	.01	.20	(.11)	.06	−.18	(.11)	.10	−.07	(.13)	.59
Time 1 Parent race	−.21	(.11)	.05	.01	(.10)	.93	−.11	(.10)	.26	−.14	(.10)	.17
Time 2 Parent race	.10	(.11)	.39	.32	(.10)	.002	−.01	(.12)	.93	.12	(.11)	.28
Mean of Change score	−.09	(.80)	.91	−.49	(.67)	.46	.28	(.72)	.69	−.95	(.67)	.16
Time 1 ←→ Change score	.70***	(.06)	<.001	.43***	(.05)	<.001	.74***	(.06)	<.001	.73***	(.06)	<.001
Change score ← Months between assessments	.01	(.01)	.65	−.00	(.01)	.87	.03*	(.01)	.03	.03**	(.01)	.01
Change score ← Youth gender	−.19	(.10)	.06	.05	(.11)	.66	−.00	(.10)	.99	.22**	(.09)	.01
Change score ← Parent × Youth gender	−.05	(.10)	.59	.12	(.11)	.29	.03	(.10)	.77	−.02	(.09)	.78
Change score ← Parent gender	−.03	(.11)	.82	.29*	(.12)	.01	−.00	(.10)	.99	.01	(.10)	.92
Change score ← Birth order	.15*	(.06)	.02	.07	(.06)	.19	.02	(.06)	.77	.04	(.06)	.46
Change score ← Age	−.06	(.04)	.12	−.05	(.03)	.19	−.02	(.04)	.52	.02	(.03)	.53
Change score ← Chaos	−.06	(.04)	.15	−.20***	(.04)	<.001	.27***	(.04)	<.001	.25***	(.04)	<.001

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001