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Role of PVA in inhibiting ice recrystallization. (A) An atactic PVA20 chain with a random arrangement of the −OH groups. (B) Illustration of the Gibbs–Thomson effect due to the PVA20–ice binding with two adjacent periodic images joined together. (C) Geometrical match between some of the −OH groups of PVA20 (indicated by the black arrows) and the lattice of ice front. Reprinted with permission from Ref (64). Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society.
