Table 1.

Studies Identified in Literature Searches

Reference	Study population	Study type	Cancer type	Adjustments	Data used
Aldington et al.58	New Zealand	Case–control	Head and neck	Age, sex, ethnicity alcohol consumption, income, and pack-years of cigarette smoking	Ever vs. never user
Aldington et al.59	New Zealand	Case–control	Lung	Sociodemographic factors, tobacco smoking status, and pack-years	Nonsmoker vs. smoker
Berthiller et al.60	North Africa (Magreb)		Lung	Age, occupational exposure, country (in pooled analysis), and lifetime pack-years of tobacco smoking
Berthiller et al.61	North and South America, Havana	Case–control	Oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal	Age, sex, race, education, family history of cancer, HPV-16, smoking, and average drinks of alcohol/week	Ever vs. never user
Callaghan et al.62	Sweden	Cohort	Lung	Age, race, education, alcohol use, and tobacco cigarette	Ever vs. never user
Callaghan et al.63	Sweden	Cohort	Testicular	Age, cryptorchidism, paternal history of testicular cancer, frequency of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption	Ever vs. never user
Chacko et al.64	United States; VA hospitals	Case–control	Transitional cell of bladder	No adjustments	Ever vs. never user
Chao et al.65	United States	Cohort	Karposi's sarcoma	Age, education, study center, tobacco smoking, alcohol use, number of male sexual partners since last visit, lifetime sexual partners at time of enrollment, receptive anal intercourse and condom use, history of STIs, antiviral therapy, and CD4 counts	HIV, HHV-8 coinfected, weekly or more frequent use, recent use
Daling et al.66	Washington State, United States, B.C. Canada	Case–control	Anal	Age, residence, and cigarette smoking (never, former, or current)	Ever vs. never user
Daling et al.67	Washington State, United States	Case–control	Testicular	Age at reference, reference year, alcohol use, current smoking, and history of cryptorchidism	Ever vs. never user
Efird et al.68	California, United States	Cohort	Glioma	Cigars, pipes, sex, race, alcohol, education, and coffee	Ever vs. never user
Feng et al.69	North Africa	Case–control	Nasopharyngeal	Age, SES measures, associated dietary factors, and cigarettes smoked per day	Ever vs. never user
Gillison et al.70	United States Johns Hopkins	Case–control	Head and neck squamous cell	Race; tobacco and alcohol use; number of teeth lost; frequency of tooth brushing; and number of oral sex partners	HPV-16 negative; current users vs. nonusers
Han et al.71	United States	Case–control	Lung	Age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, health insurance, family income, tobacco use, duration of alcohol use, durations of nonmedical use of pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives	Never vs. <1 year, 2–10 years, 11+ years. No ever vs. never provided. No case or control numbers provided.
Hashibe et al.57	United States California (Los Angeles)	Case–control	Oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal	Age, sex, education, alcohol, cigarette	Weighted average across user groups, >0–60+ joint-years vs. nonuser
Holly et al.72	United States California	Case–control	Non-Hodgkins lymphoma	Age	Used Cannabis >1000×(highest usage rate)
Hsairi et al.73	North Africa	Case–control	Bronchial	Age, sex, and cigarettes/day	User vs. nonuser
Lacson et al.74	United States California	Case–control	Testicular	Cocaine use, amyl nitrite, cryptorchidism, religiosity, education	Ever vs. never user
Liang et al.75	United States Massachusetts	Case–control	Oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal	Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, tobacco use, pack-years of tobacco, alcohol-year	Current user vs. never user
Llewellyn et al.76	United Kingdom	Descriptive	Oral SCC	No adjustments	NA
Llewellyn et al.77	United Kingdom	Case–control	Oral	Alcohol and tobacco	Ever vs. never user
Llewellyn et al.78	United Kingdom	Case–control	Oral	Age, sex, race, education, tobacco use, pack-years of tobacco, alcohol-year	Ever vs. never user
Maden et al.79	Washington State, United States, BC Canada	Case–control	Penile	Age, race, BMI; no tobacco use	Used Cannabis >50 times
Marks et al.80	United States, Latin America	Case–control	Oral, oropharyngeal	Adjusted for tobacco	Ever vs. never user
Nelson et al.81	United States, California	Case–control	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma	No adjustments	No use vs. any use
Rosenblatt et al.82	United States, Washington State	Case–control	Oral	Age, study, race, sex, education level, pack-year, alcohol duration, pipe smoking duration, cigar smoking duration	Ever vs. never user
Sasco et al.83	North Africa; Morocco	Case–control	Lung	Smoking status, history of chronic bronchitis, passive smoking, occupational exposure, cooking and heat source, lighting source, ventilation of kitchen	Hashish/Kiff users vs. nonusers
Sidney et al.84	California, United States	Retrospective cohort	Breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, melanoma, prostate	Age, race, education, alcohol use, and tobacco cigarette smoking	Ever users vs. nonusers/experimenters
Thomas et al.85	United States, California	Cohort	Bladder	Age, race, education, alcohol use, and tobacco cigarette	User vs. nonuser
Trabert et al.86	United States	Case–control	Testicular	Age, reference year, alcohol use, tobacco use, history of cryptorchidism	Ever vs. never use
Voirin et al.87	North Africa	Case–control	Lung	Age, tobacco, and occupational exposures	Never vs. past use
Zhang et al.88	United States, New York	Case–control	Head and neck squamous cell	Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, drink-years, tobacco use, pack years	Past use vs. never
Zhang et al.89	United States, Canada, United Kingdom, New Zealand	Case–control	Lung	Tobacco, level of alcohol use, respiratory conditions at conscription	Habitual vs. nonhabitual or never users
Zhu et al.90	United States	Case–control	Sinonasal and nasopharyngeal	Cigarettes, age, ethnicity, education level, marital status, having received blood products, exposure to pesticides containing 2,4,5-T, use of barbiturates without a prescription, etc.	User vs. nonuser

BMI, body mass index; HHV, human herpes virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; NA, not applicable; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SES, socioeconomic status; STIs, sexually transmitted infections.