Table 2.
Linear Three-level Multilevel Models of the Differences in Distance to Nearest Neighborhood Boundary.
| Self-defined Neighborhood minus Tract Distance | Egocentric Neighborhood minus Tract Distance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | (se) | b | (se) | |
|
| ||||
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||
| z(ln(Neighborhood size)) | −500.21*** | (73.82) | - | |
| Number of locations reported | 115.14*** | (21.00) | 118.90*** | (21.69) |
| Moved in last two years | −29.43 | (207.20) | 35.23 | (213.87) |
| Years at current address | −2.58 | (7.72) | −5.49 | (7.93) |
| Own residence | 23.05 | (203.10) | 110.51 | (207.38) |
| Home in neighborhood | 145.50 | (167.30) | - | |
| Age | 2.953 | (9.61) | 1.29 | (9.91) |
| Male | 29.21 | (212.49) | 43.25 | (219.94) |
| Married (ref.) | - | - | ||
| Cohabiting | −39.17 | (269.53) | 108.75 | (277.32) |
| Single | 22.67 | (219.17) | 35.34 | (225.77) |
| Other | 31.58 | (213.31) | 26.12 | (219.72) |
| Race-Ethnicity | ||||
| White (ref.) | - | - | ||
| Black | −116.83 | (178.15) | −98.40 | (183.03) |
| Hispanic | −73.37 | (331.49) | −142.82 | (341.75) |
| Multiracial | −194.76 | (415.88) | −46.19 | (418.62) |
| Other | −216.88 | (500.04) | −72.80 | (503.36) |
| Household income | 8.48 | (23.24) | 13.55 | (23.83) |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| No secondary degree | −389.99 | (357.71) | −8.31 | (368.11) |
| Secondary degree | 69.39 | (246.71) | 35.37 | (254.57) |
| Some college | −6.805 | (200.71) | 98.89 | (206.81) |
| 4-Year degree (ref.) | - | - | ||
| Graduate degree | −185.88 | (197.01) | −88.77 | (203.73) |
| Location-level | ||||
| Average predicted difference by location type | ||||
| Workplace (n=711) | 2788.45*** | (216.8) | −324.32 | (223.57) |
| School (n=1210 | −341.22* | (166.78) | 111.28 | (167.48) |
| Library (n=321) | −1217.15*** | (323.94) | 127.07 | (335.10) |
| Church (n=469) | 779.74** | (265.01) | −87.93 | (273.82) |
| Civic organization (n=160) | 627.51 | (456.97) | 341.24 | (474.16) |
| Neighborhood organization (n=32) | −2907.46** | (1008.86) | −321.31 | (1036.78) |
| Grocery store (n = 1,501) | −699.18*** | (149.35) | 195.96 | (153.96) |
| Relative’s house (n=535) | 1172.25*** | (252.61) | 182.76 | (262.46) |
| Friend’s house (n=364) | 67.40 | (300.85) | −348.68 | (311.30) |
| Park/Recreation area/center (n=314) | −420.23 | (323.73) | 58.76 | (335.37) |
| Restaurant (n=755) | −716.98** | (210.64) | −133.95 | (217.78) |
| Store/business (n=832) | −18.20 | (201.35) | 389.99 | (207.69) |
| Other location (n=227) | 700.30 | (384.08) | 508.42 | (396.49) |
| Constant | 223.75 | (442.50) | −689.17 | (441.15) |
| Census Tract N | 184 | 184 | ||
| Respondent N | 1,152 | 1,152 | ||
| Location N | 7,431 | 7,431 | ||
Standard errors in parentheses
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001 (two-tailed).
Notes: z(ln(neighborhood size)), moved in last two years, years at current address, residence ownership, home inside or outside self-defined neighborhood, age, gender, and family income are centered. 191 locations with a difference in the distance larger than 30,000 meters were dropped to reduce the influence of outliers.