Figure 6. Ethnicity-associated differences in the gut microbiota of lean individuals correlate with geographic location.

(A) Each symbol represents a subject’s ZIP code. Symbols are colored by ethnicity with shape representing lean and obese subjects (n=44, data was unavailable for two subjects; Supplementary file 1B). (B) A subset of ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) zoomed in to focus on San Francisco are colored by the proportion of each ethnicity (n=27 ZTCAs). The red star indicates a central point (latitude=37.7585102, longitude=−122.4539916) within San Francisco used for distances calculated in (C). (C) Distance to the center of San Francisco, which is indicated by a star in (B), for IDEO subjects stratified by ethnicity and BMI (n=9–13 individuals/group, p-values indicate Wilcoxon rank-sum test). (D) US census data for EA and W residents in ZCTAs from (B) is displayed by ethnic make-up (a total of 489,117 W and 347,200 EA individuals in these areas). (E, F) PCoA principal coordinate axis 1 from PhILR Euclidean distances of the 16S-seq data is significantly correlated with (E) the distance of subject’s ZIP code to the center of San Francisco and (F) the subject’s duration of residence in the SF Bay Area (n=44 subjects; Spearman rank correlation). Data in (E) and (F) reflects 16S-seq.

Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Variables associated with variance in microbial 16S-seq data.

PERMANOVA calculations for metadata variables on the x-axis with relation to variance in PhILR-transformed 16S-seq data were calculated using the vegan package “adonis”. The resulting effect size is plotted on the y-axis. Variables are colored by metadata type (see inset, *p<0.05, ADONIS).

Figure 6—figure supplement 2. Birth location of subjects.

Symbols representing subjects’ birth locations are plotted on a world map. The size, shape, and color of the symbols represent the number, BMI, and ethnicity of subjects at each location. BMI, body mass index.

Figure 6—figure supplement 3. Identification of bacterial taxa associated with short-term dietary intake.

Spearman’s correlation was calculated between all 16S-seq ASVs and metagenomic species relative to ASA24 data for lean W (A) and lean EA (B) subjects. Colored boxes indicate correlations that meet an FDR<0.1 cutoff and the direction and intensity of the Spearman’s correlation are shown with correlation color indicated in the figure legend. ASVs are indicated by an ASV ID followed by the most specific taxonomic annotation available. No ASV-level associations were detected in lean EA subjects. ASV, amplicon sequence variant; EA, East Asian; FDR, false discovery rate; W, White.