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. 2021 Nov 10;599(7886):622–627. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04066-1

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© The Author(s) 2021, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — (a) Speciation and divergence time for eight species in the genus Cicer. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree showed clear out-grouping of C. cuneatum from the other Cicer species and C. reticulatum being nearest to the cultivated chickpea species (C. arietinum). Three time-calibration points (0.007- 0.013 Ma for C. reticulatum-C. arietinum, 12.2-17.4 Ma for C. arietinum-C. pinnatifidum, and 30.0-54.0 Ma for C. arietinum- M. truncatula) were used for estimating divergence time. The nearest wild species (C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum) related to the cultivated C. arietinum were estimated to be diverged from other Cicer species around ~15.3 (14.0-16.2) Ma. (b) Genetic diversity among wild species accessions. Phylogenetic tree constructed based on SNPs grouped 195 wild species accessions into six clusters. A clear grouping for accessions of C. judiacum, C. yamashitae and C. cuneatum was observed in Cluster III, Cluster V and Cluster VI, respectively. However, ICC 20168 (one C. pinnatifidum accession; red colour) grouped along with C. bijugum accessions in Cluster II; similarly, ICC20167 (one C. bijugum accession; blue colour) grouped along with C. pinnatifidum accessions in Cluster I. Cluster III and Cluster IV were divided into two sub-clusters each, in which both sub-clusters of Cluster III possessed all accessions of C. judiacum. In Cluster IVa we observed grouping of all C. reticulatum accessions except one C. echinospermum accession (ICC 20192; green colour); similarly, in Cluster IVb one accession of C. reticulatum (ICC 73071; golden-yellow colour) grouped along with C. echinospermum accessions.