Table 1.
Causes of acute respiratory failure associated with Svv (n = 121)
| Cause of acute respiratory failure (ARF) | n | (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Immune ARF | 67 | (55) |
| Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) | 47 | (70) |
| DAH with pulmonary renal syndrome | 38 | (57) |
| Interstitial lung disease | 11 | (16) |
| Pulmonary or tracheal/bronchial granulomatosis | 9 | (13) |
| Asthma | 8 | (12) |
| Myocarditis | 4 | (6) |
| Non-immune cause associated with immune ARFa | 16 | (24) |
| Non-immune ARF | 54 | (45) |
| Pulmonary infection (confirmed or suspected) | 35 | (65) |
| Confirmedd | 24 | (44) |
| Bacteriald | 15 | (28) |
| Viral | 5 | (9) |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii | 5 | (9) |
| Suspected | 11 | (20) |
| Acute pulmonary edema | 18 | (33) |
| Systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle | 12 | (22) |
| Fluid overload (no cardiac dysfunction) | 6 | (11) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 6 | (11) |
| Pneumothorax (spontaneous or iatrogenic) | 4 | (7) |
| Tumoralc | 3 | (6) |
| Immune cause associated with non-immune ARFb | 8 | (15) |
Only the first admission was considered for the description of the causes of immune and non-immune ARF
Several causes were diagnosed in 52 (43%) patients: 14 patients with two or more non-immune causes, 14 patients with two or more immune causes, and 24 with a combination of immune and non-immune causes
aNon-immune causes were associated with immune ARF in 16 patients, including acute pulmonary edema (n = 9), pulmonary infection with microbiological documentation (n = 6), and pulmonary embolism (n = 2)
bImmune causes were associated with non-immune ARF in 8 patients, including alveolar hemorrhage (n = 3), pulmonary/bronchial granulomatosis (n = 2), interstitial lung disease (n = 2), and 1 upper airways obstruction
cLung cancer (n = 2) and leukemia (n = 1)
dTwo patients had a fungal infection associated with a bacterial infection: one bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and one invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and two patients had both bacterial and viral infection