TABLE 3.
Sleep quality and psychological distress in healthcare professionals during COVID‐19 pandemic
| Overall (N = 1790) | Pakistan (N = 810) | India (N = 812) | Nepal (N = 168) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological distress | L‐DIS f (%) | H‐DIS f (%) | χ2 (p) | L‐DIS f (%) | H‐DIS f (%) | χ2 (p) | L‐DIS f (%) | H‐DIS f (%) | χ2 (p) | L‐DIS f (%) | H‐DIS f (%) | χ2 (p) |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 783 (41) | 23 (2) | 39.253 (.0001) | 344 (43) | 11 (1) | 23.053 (.0001) | 348 (43) | 10 (1) | 14.631 (.0001) | 91 (54) | 2 (1) | .492 (.483) |
| Female | 881 (50) | 103 (7) | 398 (49) | 57 (7) | 411 (51) | 43 (5) | 72 (44) | 3 (1) | ||||
| Health care services | ||||||||||||
| Primary | 334 (19) | 25 (1) | 4.899 (.08) | 162 (20) | 14 (1) | 4.643 (.098) | 141 (17) | 11 (1) | 2.489 (.288) | 31 (19) | 0 (0) | 3.569 (.168) |
| Secondary | 296 (17) | 13 (1) | 138 (17) | 6 (1) | 118 (15) | 4 (1) | 40 (25) | 3 (1) | ||||
| Tertiary | 1034 (58) | 88 (4) | 442 (55) | 48 (6) | 500 (62) | 38 (4) | 92 (55) | 2 (1) | ||||
| Working in pandemic | ||||||||||||
| No | 647 (36) | 56 (3) | 1.519 (.218) | 292 (36) | 32 (4) | 1.541 (.214) | 313 (38) | 22 (3) | .002 (.969) | 42 (25) | 2 (1) | .508 (.476) |
| Yes | 1017 (57) | 70 (4) | 450 (56) | 36 (4) | 446 (55) | 31 (4) | 121 (73) | 3 (1) | ||||
| Covid‐19 symptoms | ||||||||||||
| No | 1588 (88) | 115 (7) | 4.39 (.036) | 684 (85) | 59 (7) | 2.410 (.121) | 742 (91) | 51 (6) | .510 (.475) | 162 (97) | 5 (2) | .031 (.861) |
| Yes | 76 (4) | 11 (1) | 58 (7) | 9 (1) | 17 (2) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Covid‐19 diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| No | 1583 (88) | 122 (7) | .742 (.389) | 681 (84) | 64 (8) | .462 (.497) | 741 (91) | 53 (7) | 1.285 (.257) | 161 (97) | 5 (2) | .062 (.803) |
| Yes | 81 (4) | 4 (1) | 61 (7) | 4 (1) | 18 (2) | 0 (0) | 2(1) | 0(0) | ||||
| Sleep quality | G‐SLP | B‐SLP | G‐SLP | B‐SLP | G‐SLP | B‐SLP | G‐SLP | B‐SLP | ||||
| f (%) | f (%) | χ2 (p) | f (%) | f (%) | χ2 (p) | f (%) | f (%) | χ2 (p) | f (%) | f (%) | χ2 (p) | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 365 (20) | 441 (24) | 7.891 (.005) | 151 (18) | 201 (25) | 8.079 (.004) | 169 (21) | 184 (23) | .662 (.416) | 45 (25) | 48 (29) | 1.182 (.277) |
| Female | 391 (22) | 593 (34) | 149 (18) | 319 (39) | 202 (25) | 257 (31) | 30 (18) | 45 (27) | ||||
| Health care services | ||||||||||||
| Primary | 176 (10) | 183 (10) | 11.246 (.004) | 83 (10) | 92 (11) | 9.843 (.007) | 76 (9) | 73 (9) | 1.709 (.425) | 17 (10) | 14 (8) | 3.007 (.222) |
| Secondary | 116 (7) | 193 (11) | 47 (6) | 96 (12) | 54 (7) | 68 (8) | 15 (9) | 28 (17) | ||||
| Tertiary | 454 (25) | 668 (37) | 170 (21) | 332 (40) | 241 (30) | 300 (37) | 43 (26) | 51 (30) | ||||
| Working in pandemic | ||||||||||||
| No | 305 (17) | 398 (22) | 1.115 (.291) | 118 (14) | 204 (25) | .133 (.715) | 165 (20) | 168 (21) | 2.480 (.115) | 22 (13) | 22 (13) | .692 (.405) |
| Yes | 441 (25) | 646 (36) | 182 (22) | 316 (39) | 206 (25) | 273 (34) | 53 (32) | 71 (42) | ||||
| Covid‐19 symptoms | ||||||||||||
| No | 727 (41) | 976 (54) | 14.282 (.0001) | 286 (35) | 451 (55) | 7.607 (.006) | 366 (45) | 417 (51) | 3.114 (.078) | 75 (44) | 92 (55) | .811 (.368) |
| Yes | 19 (1) | 68 (4) | 14 (2) | 69 (8) | 5 (1) | 24 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | ||||
| Covid‐19 diagnosis | ||||||||||||
| No | 720 (40) | 985 (55) | 4.495 (.034) | 283 (35) | 455 (56) | 3.493 (.062) | 363 (45) | 421 (52) | .024 (.876) | 74 (44) | 92 (54) | .024 (.878) |
| Yes | 26 (2) | 59 (3) | 17 (2) | 65 (7) | 8 (1) | 20 (2) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | ||||
Abbreviations: B‐SLP, bad sleepers; G‐SLP, good sleepers; H‐DIS, high distress; L‐DIS, low distress.