TABLE 4.
Logistic regression of sleep quality and psychological distress
| Sleep quality | Psychological distress | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measures | OR | AOD | 95% CI (AOR)(LL‐UL) | p | OR | AOD | 95% CI (AOR)(LL‐UL) | p | |
| Total sample | Male Ref: Female | −.290 | .748 | (.617–.908) | .003 | −1.337 | .263 | (.165–.419) | .0001 |
| Primary health services Ref: Tertiary | −312 | .732 | (.574–.933) | .012 | .024 | 1.024 | (.639–1.641) | .922 | |
| Secondary health services Ref: Tertiary | .211 | 1.235 | (.948–‐1.610) | .118 | −.510 | .600 | (.327–1.101) | .099 | |
| No active working Ref: active working | −.099 | .906 | (.743–1.104) | .328 | .180 | 1.197 | (.823–1.741) | .347 | |
| No symptoms of Covid‐19 Ref: Symptoms of Covid‐19 | −.887 | .412 | (.233–.728) | .002 | −1.070 | .343 | (.161–.729) | .005 | |
| No diagnosis of Covid‐19 Ref: diagnosis of COVID‐19 | −.182 | .834 | (.489–1.421) | .504 | .911 | 2.486 | (.787–7.850) | .121 | |
| Pakistan | Male Ref: Female | −.435 | .647 | (.480–.873) | .004 | −1.407 | .245 | (.125–.479) | .0001 |
| Primary health services Ref: Tertiary | −.456 | .634 | (.443–.908) | .013 | −.011 | .989 | (.521–1.880) | .974 | |
| Secondary health services Ref: Tertiary | .241 | 1.273 | (.844–1.920) | .250 | −.649 | .523 | (.215–1.272) | .153 | |
| No active working Ref: active working | .051 | 1.052 | (.776‐1.426) | .743 | .274 | 1.315 | (.786–2.201) | .298 | |
| No symptoms of Covid‐19 Ref: Symptoms of Covid‐19 | −.707 | .493 | (.246–.987) | .046 | −.902 | .406 | (.169–.973) | .043 | |
| No diagnosis of Covid‐19 Ref: diagnosis of COVID‐19 | −.350 | .705 | (.360–1.379) | .307 | .702 | 2.018 | (.603–6.756) | .255 | |
| India | Male Ref: Female | −.136 | .872 | (.657–1.158) | .345 | −1.293 | .274 | (.135–.558) | .0001 |
| Primary health services Ref: Tertiary | −.181 | .834 | (.578‐1.205) | .334 | .146 | 1.157 | (.569–2.354) | .688 | |
| Secondary health services Ref: Tertiary | .099 | 1.104 | (.737–1.654) | .631 | −.732 | .481 | (.166–1.392) | .177 | |
| No active working Ref: active working | −.222 | .801 | (.600–1.071) | .134 | −.046 | .955 | (.535–1.705) | .875 | |
| No symptoms of Covid‐19 Ref: Symptoms of Covid‐19 | −.875 | .417 | (.143–1.214) | .109 | −1.136 | .321 | (.066–1.571) | .161 | |
| No diagnosis of Covid‐19 Ref: diagnosis of COVID‐19 | .200 | 1.222 | (.452–3.302) | .693 | 18.908 | — | – | .998 | |
| Nepal | Male Ref: Female | −.267 | .766 | (.632–.928) | .007 | ‐1.216 | .296 | (.204–.431) | .0001 |
| Primary health services Ref: Tertiary | .118 | 1.125 | (.999–1.267) | .061 | .144 | 1.155 | (.936–1.424) | .179 | |
| Secondary health services Ref: Tertiary | — | — | — | — | — | — | – | – | |
| No active working Ref: active working | −.074 | .929 | (.763–1.131) | .462 | .113 | .316 | (.811–1.545) | .492 | |
| No symptoms of Covid‐19 Ref: Symptoms of Covid‐19 | −.881 | .414 | (.235–.731) | .002 | −1.152 | 1.318 | (.168–.595) | .0001 | |
| No diagnosis of Covid‐19 Ref: diagnosis of COVID‐19 | −.169 | .845 | (.497–1.437) | .533 | .276 | .254 | (.586–2.962) | .504 | |
Abbreviations: AOD, adjusted odd ratio; CI, confidence intervals; LL, lower limit; OR, odd ratio; UL, upper limit.